Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning PDF

Presentations for PowerPoint Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning  Equipment 1 and Instruments for 0 Refrigerant Handling and Learning Objectives 10.1 Identify and explain the use of the various types of refrigerant cylinders and identify the regulatory body over ea...

Presentations for PowerPoint Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning  Equipment 1 and Instruments for 0 Refrigerant Handling and Learning Objectives 10.1 Identify and explain the use of the various types of refrigerant cylinders and identify the regulatory body over each type. 10.2 Differentiate between the various types of pressure gauges and explain/demonstrate the appropriate and safe use of each. 10.3 Compare various types of service valves and their positions. 10.4 Explain the purpose, construction, and operation of a gauge manifold. 10.5 Identify the various types of leak detection equipment and explain the appropriate use of each. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Learning Objectives 10.6 Demonstrate the care and use of a refrigeration vacuum pump and how to change its oil. 10.7 Identify and demonstrate the use of various recovery machines. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Refrigerant Cylinders Types Storage cylinders Disposable cylinders Recovery cylinders Pressure release protective devices Spring-operated relief valve Rupture disc Fusible plug Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Pressure Release Protective Devices Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Cylinder Regulations Prescribed by DOT Ensure technician safety Inspection and recertification Cylinders with corrosive refrigerants: every 5 years Cylinders with noncorrosive refrigerants: every 10 years Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Storage Cylinders 100-lb and 150-lb cylinders Used to charge refillable cylinders in shop Fitted with valve and cap Packing around valve makes it leak-proof Protective cap must be in place for moving or shipping Worthington Cylinders Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Safety Note Moving Heavy Cylinders Moving cylinders more than 35 lb (16 kg) Use a hand truck Secure the cylinder with a chain Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Disposable Cylinders Designed for one usage only Used to charge refrigerant into system Advantages Easy to handle Eliminate need to refill Worthington Cylinders Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Disposing of Disposable Cylinders Before disposing of or recycling: Recover all refrigerant into approved recovery cylinder Evacuate cylinder down to atmospheric pressure Many refrigerant supply stores offer recycling Illegal to transport recovered refrigerant in disposable cylinder Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Code Alert Disposable Cylinder Usage It is illegal to transport recovered refrigerant in a disposable cylinder. Do not use disposable cylinders to store refrigerant removed from a system. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Recovery Cylinders Designed for storing recovered refrigerant Gray cylinder with yellow top Valves Gas—usually blue Liquid—usually red Read valve handles to identify valves Manchester Tank Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Pressure Gauges Measure pressure of fluid in container Provide information about inside of refrigeration system Bourdon tube—operating element Retarder enables readings at higher pressures Available in several types and ranges Vacuum gauge Compound gauge High-pressure gauge Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Vacuum Gauge Measures lower-than-atmospheric pressure Digital scales microns psi in. Hg millibars pascals torr millitorr Sealed Unit Parts Co., Inc. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Compound Gauge Measures positive pressure and vacuum Low-side gauge Measures above and below atmospheric pressure Ritchie Engineering Co., Inc. – YELLOW JACKET Products Division Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. High-Pressure Gauge Can read high-pressure values on continuous scale High-side gauge 0 psi to 500 psi or 800 psi (depending on refrigerant scales) Ritchie Engineering Co., Inc. – YELLOW JACKET Products Division Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Care and Calibration of Gauges Causes of damage Sudden release of high pressure into gauge Fluctuating pressures Calibration Calibrating equipment shows 0 psi at sea level Calibrate gauges to read 0 psi for elevation where they will be used Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Service Valves Provide easy access to system Ensure continued smooth operation Control access to service port Provide connection to system Taking readings Charging Evacuating Courtesy of Sporlan Division – Parker Hannifin Corporation Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Front Seated and Back Seated Valves Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Mid-Position and Cracked Open Valves Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Safety Note Valve Cracking Tip Always use fixed wrench when cracking open a stuck valve. Valve can be quickly closed again if leak or breakage occurs. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Service Valves: Low-Side and High-Side Valves Low-side valves Suction line service valve Suction service valve (SSV) High-side valves Discharge service valve (DSV) Liquid line service valve Liquid receiver service valve (LRSV) Suction Service Valve Mueller Industries, Inc. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Service Valve Maintenance and Operation Clean and oil valve stems before turning Reduce rusting by coating valve body with refrigeration lubricant Match wrench size to valve stem Maintain packing to prevent leaks Oil threads of service port Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Access Ports Small valve opening Schrader valve core Opened by depressing pin Pin springs back in place to minimize refrigerant loss Provide convenient access to system Evaporator outlet Liquid line inlet Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Piercing Valves Pierce tubing to access system Provide access to systems Small hermetic systems Systems without access ports Designs Brazed on Bolted on Bolted-On Piercing Valve Sealed Unit Parts Co., Inc. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Brazed-On Piercing Valves Used when there is good access to area of straight tubing Before installing Evacuate refrigeration system Remove valve core Check for nearby flammables or soft-soldered joints Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Gauge Manifolds Components Compound gauge High-pressure gauge Minimum of three ports Minimum of two valves Uses Check pressures of low and high sides at same time Add or recover refrigerant Add oil Bypass compressor Imperial Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Purging Gauges and Hoses Removes vapors, dirt, or moisture from refrigerant hoses Releases contents into atmosphere Use quick-connect fittings to release as little refrigerant as possible Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Code Alert Venting Refrigerants EPA allows technicians to release small amounts of refrigerants during: Recovery Repair Purging Charging Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Valve Positions for Pressure Readings Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Valve Positions for Evacuation Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Valve Positions for Vapor Charging Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Valve Positions for Liquid Charging Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Refrigeration System Analyzer Measures pressure and temperature Programmed with saturation temperature for multiple refrigerants Includes digital connectivity Some troubleshooting capabilities Ritchie Engineering Co., Inc. – YELLOW JACKET Products Division Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Leak Detection Devices Bubble solutions Fluorescent dyes Refrigerant dyes Halide torches Electronic detectors Spectronics Corporation Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Tips for Detecting Leaks Check connections early in your search Look for oily or dusty areas Block off search area to eliminate wind or breezes Block bright lights when using color-changing methods Turn off nearby equipment when using ultrasonic detector Operate the system to build up pressure Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Code Alert EPA Leak Repair Standard Section 608 of Clean Air Act states leak repairs are required: Within 30 days if a leaking system contains 50 lb. of refrigerant. If the system has yearly leak rates at or above trigger levels. Trigger level is 35% for commercial and industrial systems. Trigger level is 15% for comfort cooling and other appliances. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Thinking Green Refrigerant Loss Logs Keeping accurate logs of customers’ refrigerant use and loss will help technicians detect leaks early. The earlier a leak is detected and repaired, the smaller the environmental impact of the leak. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Bubble Solutions Soap and water or patented solution Brushed over tubing and connections Vapor causes bubbles to form Advantages Low-cost, easy method of leak detection Most reliable test in presence of urethane Disadvantage Larger leaks may blow through without bubbling Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Bubble Solutions (cont.) Refrigeration Technologies Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Dye-Based Leak Detection Refrigerant dye Injected into system System returned to normal operation Visually inspected for dye at various points Fluorescent dye Uses fluorescent dye and ultraviolet light Dye Injection Kit No false alarms SPX Corporation Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Halide Torch Leak Detection Principle When halogen refrigerant contacts flame, flame becomes light green Works for all halogenated refrigerants Procedure Halide torch burns fuel gas near copper plate Rubber hose siphons air from areas of suspected leaks Green flame indicates refrigerant leak Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Electronic Leak Detectors Electronic sensors determine presence of leak Very sensitive—can detect tiny leaks Often battery-powered Exercise care not to damage sensing tip SPX Corporation Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Safety Note Explosive or Flammable Vapors Do not use halide torches or electronic leak detectors in areas containing explosive or flammable vapors. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Ultrasonic Leak Detectors Detect the sound a vapor makes as it leaves pressurized system Handheld devices Amplify sound and play through headphones LEDs or other type of indicator Photo Courtesy of INFINICON Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Vacuum Pumps Vapor pumps Used to create vacuum for evacuating system before charging Specifications Ultimate vacuum Free air displacement Ritchie Engineering Co., Inc. – YELLOW JACKET Products Division Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Types of Vacuum Pumps Single-stage pumps Single pump mechanism Used in triple evacuation method Two-stage pumps Two pumps mechanisms connected in series Used in deep-vacuum method Two-Stage Vacuum Pump Ritchie Engineering Co., Inc. – YELLOW JACKET Products Division Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Oil in Vacuum Pumps Purpose Lubricate pump Provide fluid seal for air, gases, and contaminants as they enter the pump Replacement Replace oil frequently Check sight glass for oil level and quality Test pump or change oil before each system evacuation Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Refrigerant Recovery Process of removing refrigerant from system and storing in external container Designed to allow safe removal without harming atmosphere Recovered refrigerant usually returned to system following repair or service Bacharach, Inc. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Code Alert Refrigerant Recovery and Recycling Section 608 of Clean Air Act requires refrigerant to be recovered and recycled. Technicians must evaluate HVACR equipment to established vacuum levels when opening equipment for service. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Code Alert Equipment Certification Recovery equipment must be certified by an EPA-approved testing organization. Certification ensures equipment can achieve required vacuum levels. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Refrigerant Recycling Process of cleaning refrigerant for reuse Separate out oil Pass through filter-driers Recycled refrigerant Returned to system following repair Used in another system belonging to same owner Cannot be sold Ritchie Engineering Co., Inc. – YELLOW JACKET Products Division Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Refrigerant Reclaiming Reprocessing recovered refrigerant to be chemically pure Analyzed at approved testing facility Must meet AHRI Standard 740 for purity Reclaimed refrigerant use Can be charged back into any unit designed for use with that refrigerant Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Thinking Green Refrigerant Conservation An environmentally conscious technician not only minimizes and repairs all refrigerant leaks, but also takes steps to ensure that refrigerants remain pure, clean, and dry. For example, if a compressor motor burns out because of improper service, the technician has not only cost the customer money, but has also wasted the energy and materials that will be required to evacuate and flush the system and recycle the refrigerant. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Digital Charging Scales Electronic refrigerant scale Monitors weight of cylinder While refrigerant is being charged into a system While refrigerant is being recovered from a system Ritchie Engineering Co., Inc. – YELLOW JACKET Products Division Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.