Chapter 1 & 2 Anatomy - PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by AdjustableHeliotrope5555
Mapúa Malayan Colleges Mindanao
Tags
Related
- Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology PDF
- The Human Organism Anatomy and Physiology PDF
- Human Organism Anatomy and Physiology PDF
- 1.1 Overview of Physiology and Major Systems of the Body - Essential Human Anatomy & Physiology I w/Lab - DiSilvio - 2023A PDF
- 1.1 Overview of Physiology and Major Systems of the Body PDF
- Week 1 - Organization and General Plan of the Human Body PDF
Summary
This document provides an introduction to basic human anatomy and physiology. It explains the different types of anatomy and physiology and their importance for understanding the body's functions.
Full Transcript
LESSON 1: ANATOMY STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION ANATOMY investigates body structures the term means to “dissect” PHYSIOLOGY investigates processes and functions Human Physio: s...
LESSON 1: ANATOMY STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION ANATOMY investigates body structures the term means to “dissect” PHYSIOLOGY investigates processes and functions Human Physio: studies human organism Systematic Physio: studies body-organ systems Cellular Physio: studies body cells IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Understand how the body; - responds to stimuli - environmental changes MAJOR ORGANS OF THE BODY - environmental cues - diseases - injury TYPES OF ANATOMY Systematic studies body-organ systems Regional studies body regions (medical schools) Surface studies external features (bone projections) A natomical using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI) Imaging ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY RESPONSIVENESS: - ability to sense & respond to environmental changes - includes both internal and external environments GROWTH: - can increase in size - size of cells, group of cells, extracellular materials DEVELOPMENT: - changes in form and size - changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specified –differentiation REPRODUCTION - formation of new cells/new organisms - generation of new individuals - tissue repair HOMEOSTASIS 1. maintenance of constant internal environment despite flunctuations in the external or internal environment - VARIABLES:measuresofbodypropertiesthatmaychangein value - EXAMPLESOFHOMEOSTASIS:bodytemperature,heartrate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, respiratory rate 2. over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set point - NORMAL RANGE: normal extent of increase or decrease a round a set point - SET POINT: normal or average value of a variable 3. s et points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted depending on body activities as needed: examples: c ommon cause of CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE change: ORGANIZATION: functional interrelationships betweenparts METABOLISM: body temp. fever - sumofallchemical&physicalchangessustainingan h eart rate, blood pressure & exercise organism respiratory rate - abilitytoacquireanduseenergyinsupportofthese changes TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN BODY PARTS AND REGIONS BODY TERMS: ANATOMICALPOSITION-referstopersonstandinguprightwith facedirectedforward,upperlimbshangingtosidesandpalms of hands facing upward SUPINE- lying face upward PRONE- lying face downward DIRECTIONAL TERMS: SUPERIOR- above or up ANTERIOR- front INFERIOR- below or down POSTERIOR- back V ENTRAL - belly [anterior; because the belly goes first when UPPER LIMBS- upper arm, forearm, wrist and hand walking] ○ ARM:extends from shoulder to elbow DORSAL-posteriorsurfaceofthebodyisdorsalsurface[back, ○ FOREARM:extends from elbow to wrist as it follows when we’re walking] LOWER LIMBS- thigh, lower leg, ankle and foot PROXIMAL- nearest &DISTAL - distant ○ THIGH:extends to hip to knee Thesetermsthatrefertolinearstructureslikelimbs ○ LEG:extends from knee to ankle [one end is near another structure; attached to its CENTRAL REGION- head, neck & trunk proximal end and distal hand farther away] ○ TRUNK: dividedintothorax(chest),abdomen(belly) MEDIAL- midline &LATERAL- away from midline and pelvis (hips) nose located on medial positionwhilefaceandears located to the nose SUPERFICIAL-referstostructureclosetothesurfaceofbody &DEEP- towards interior of body skin is superficial to the muscle and body UBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN S S AGITTAL PLANE:separates the body into right and left parts divided into 4 sections orquadrantsby two imaginarylines MEDIAN PLANE:asagittalplanealongthemidlinethatdivides [horizontal and vertical] that intersect at the navel body into equal left and right halves TRANSVERSEPLANE:ahorizontalplanethatseparatesthebody into superior and inferior parts FRONTAL PLANE: a verticalplanethatseparatesthebodyinto anterior and posterior parts PLANES OF SECTION THROUGH AN ORGAN a bdomen is subdivided intoregionsby 4 imaginarylines [two vertical and two horizontal] that results in 9 regions L ONGITUDINAL SECTION: horizontal side of a specificpart TRANSVERSE SECTION:vertical side of a specific part OBLIQUE SECTION:slanted, close to vertical side BODY CAVITIES BODY PLANES D ORSAL BODY CAVITY - encloses the organs of the nervous systems ○ CRANIAL CAVITY: contains the brain ○ VERTEBRAL CANAL:contains the spinal cord VENTRAL BODY CAVITY-containsthemajorityoftheinternal organs (viscera). It is divided into: ○ Thoracic Cavity ○ Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity ABDOMINAL CAVITY PELVIC CAVITY PERITONEUM AND PERITONEAL CAVITY * space between diaphragm * space within pelvis PERITONEUM: and pelvis *contains urinary bladder, ○ Visceral Peritoneum covers, anchors organs, a nd * contains stomach, reproductive organs, part of intestines, liver, spleen, large intestines double layers called “Mesenteries” pancreas, and kidneys ○ Parietal Peritoneum lines inner wall o f abdominopelvic cavity ○ Peritoneal Cavityreduces friction SERIOUS MEMBRANES line trunk cavities that cover organs in the ventral body cavity. STRUCTURE: ○ Visceral Serious Membranescovers organs ○ Parietal Serious Membraneslines the walls of cavities ○ Cavitiesare a fluid-filled space between membranes named after the cavities they are in: Cavity Name Membrane Name Pericardial Cavity: around the heart Pericardium Pleural Cavity: around the lungs Pleura P eritoneal Cavity: around abdominopelvic Peritoneum CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE cavity and its organs BASIC CHEMISTRY PERICARDIAL CAVITY MATTER: anything that occupies space and has mass (solid, PERICARDIUM: liquid, or gas) - Visceral Pericardiumcovers the heart MASS:amount of matter in an object - Parietal Pericardiumare thick and fibrous WEIGHT:gravitational force acting on object - Pericardial Cavityreduces friction ELEMENTS AND ATOMS ELEMENTS:simplest form of matter Ex: C, H, O, N, Ca, K, Na, Cl A TOM: smallest particle of an element & contains protons, electrons and neutrons PLANETARY MODELS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE PLEURA AND PLEURAL CAVITY PLEURA: ○ Visceral Pleuracovers lungs ○ Parietal Pleuraare lines of inner wall of thorax PLEURAL CAVITY: ○ reduces friction & adheres lungs to thoracic wall SUBATOMIC PARTICLES ○ P OLAR MOLECULEShave an asymmetrical electrical PROTONS:positive charged particle located insidethe nucleus charge NEUTRON: neutral charged particles located insidethe nucleus ○ NONPOLAR MOLECULEShave a symmetrical ELECTRON: negative charged particle located outside the electrical charge, electrons are shared equally nucleus ATOMIC NUMBER & ATOMIC MASS ATOMIC NUMBER:number of protons in each atom MASS NUMBER: the number of protons and neutrons ineach atom CHEMICAL BONDS occur when outermost electrons (valence shell electrons)are transferred or shared between atoms TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS:Ionic, Covalent and Hydrogen MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS IONS AND BONDING MOLECULES:2 or more atoms chemically combined ION:Achargedatomformedbecauseofadonationorgainofan ex: Water (H2O ) electron(s) COMPOUND:chemical combination of 2 or more differenttypes Ex: Na+, Cl− Ionic bonding occurs whenthereisanattraction between two oppositely charged ions of atoms Ex: NaCl IONIC BONDING: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES weak charge attractions between separate molecules or between ions and molecules: ○ No exchange of electrons is involved ○ Due to attractions between oppositely charged regions of molecules ○ Example: hydrogen bond HYDROGEN BONDING forms when the positive end of one polar molecule is weakly attracted to the negative end of another polar molecule C OVALENT BONDING: occurs when atoms share on or more The hydrogen bond is a weaker bond than ionic or covalent pairs of electrons bonds Ex: hydrogen molecule (H2) P OLAR COVALENT BONDS:form when there is an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms of the bond Ex: Water (H2O) DISSOCIATION CHEMICAL ENERGY When ionic compounds dissolveinwatertheydissociatefrom is a form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds. each other. Chemical Reactionsmay require or release energy ○ Positivelychargedionsareattractedtothenegative ○ If the potential energy of the reactants is less than ends of the water molecules. that of the products, energy input is needed. ○ Negativelychargedionsareattractedtothepositive ○ If the potential energy of the reactants is more than ends of the water molecules that of the products, energy is released. ○ Dissociated ions can be called electrolytes because they can conduct an electrical current A n example of a chemical reaction that uses energy is the production ofATP(adenosine triphosphate) fromADP(adenosinediphosphate), Pi(a phosphate group), and food molecules, such asglucose, which contain potential energy. ADP + Pi+ energy from food → ATP A n example of a reaction that releases energy is the breakdown ofATP (adenosine triphosphate) toADP(adenosine diphosphate)andPi (a phosphate group). CHEMICAL REACTIONS ATP → ADP + Pi + energy used by cells CHEMICAL REACTIONS: occur when there is a formation or breakingofchemicalbondsbetweenatoms,ions,molecules,or compounds. REACTANTS:substances that enter into the reaction PRODUCTS:substances that result from the reaction TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS SYNTHESIS REACTION: DECOMPOSITION REACTION * build a new molecule * break down the molecule * energy-requiring * energy-releasing * Example: ADP + P → ATP * Example: ATP → ADP + P RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS REVERSIBLE REACTIONS: EQUILIBRIUM: - The rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds is influenced by * occur when the reaction can run * when the rate of product several factors:Catalyst, Concentration of the Reactans& in the opposite direction, so that formation equals the rate of Temperature the products are converted back to reactant formation - CATALYST: increases the rate of a reaction without the original reactants. itself being permanently changed or depleted. * Example: CO2+ H2O ⇄ H+ + HCO3 - ENZYME: protein catalyst that increases the rateof reactions within the human body. ENERGY Energyis the capacity to do work. Workis the moving of matter. Kinetic energyis energy in motion Potential energyis stored energy OXYGEN (O2) is a small, nonpolar, inorganic molecule. ○ Two oxygen atoms bound together by a double covalent bond ○ Essential for most living organisms CARBON DIOXIDE: is an inorganic molecule composed of one carbon atom bound to two oxygen atoms. ○ produced when food molecules are metabolized in cells WATER ( H2O) is a polar molecule composed of two hydrogen atoms boundtoanoxygenatombypolarcovalentbonds.Attractedto other polar molecules: RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS ○ HYDROPHILIC:Molecules attracted to water CONCENTRATIONSofthereactants:withinlimitsthehigherthe ○ HYDROPHOBIC:Molecules not attracted to water concentration of reactants the faster the rate Water is essential to life because it performs the following TEMPERATURE: Within limits, the higher the temperature the functions: faster the rate ○ Water stabilizes body temperature ○ Water protects the body ACIDS AND BASES ○ Water is required for many chemical reactions ACID:a proton H+donor ○ pH below 7 ORGANIC MOLECULES ○ Example: HCl (Hydrochloric acid) Carbon’sabilitytoformcovalentbondswithotheratomsmakes BASE: a proton H+acceptor it possible the formation of large, diverse, complicated ○ Example: NaOH (sodium hydroxide) molecules for life. The four majorgroupsoforganicmoleculesessentialtoliving organisms are; 1. C ARBOHYDRATES ○ Characteristics of Carbohydrates: Contain C, H, O H:O is a 2:1 ratio Example: C6H12O6 Monosaccharides are the building blocks. ★ simple sugar (1 sugar) ★ Examples: glucose and fructose Disaccharide: ★ 2 sugars ★ Example: glucose + fructose = sucrose INORGANIC CHEMISTRY VS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ★ Example: glucose + galactose = INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: deals with those substances that do lactose not contain carbon Polysaccharide: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: is the study of carbon-containing ★ many sugars substances ★ Example: starch, grain, EXCEPTION: some carbon containing compoundsare vegetables, glycogen notorganicinthattheydonotalsocontainhydrogen, ○ Important Functions of Carbohydrates in Humans: such as CO2 (carbon dioxide) Carbohydrates provide parts of other organic molecules (for example nucleotides in DNA) Carbohydrates are brokendowntoprovide energy. ★ W hen undigested carbohydrates provide bulk (fiber) in feces. Glycogen is the main storage form of glucose in humans. ★ Quickly broken down by cells to make ATP Starch and cellulose are important polysaccharides found in plants. ★ Humans ingest starch anduseit to make ATP. ★ Humans cannot digest cellulose butitprovidesthefiberwhichis necessary in our diets. 3. P ROTEINS ○ Contains C, H, O, N Amino acids are the building blocks 2. L IPIDS ★ 20 different naturally occurring amino ○ Characteristics of Lipids: acids Contain C, H, O ★ Aminoacidscontainanamine(NH2)group Contain alowerproportionofoxygentocarbonthan and carboxyl group do carbohydrates ★ Amino acids are not stored, so a daily Insoluble in water supply is required Examples: fats, oils, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids ○ Functions of Lipids: Long-term energy storage Insulates against heat loss Protective cushion for organs Cholesterol is part of the cell membrane structure ○ Types of Lipids: Saturated: ○ Protein Folding: ★ single covalent bonds between carbon atoms ★ Examples: beef, pork, whole milk, cheese, eggs Unsaturated: ★ one or more double covalent bonds between carbons ★ Examples: olive oil, fish oil, sunflower oil ○ Functions of Proteins: Used to make skin, hair, nails, and muscles Part of the hemoglobin molecule Act as enzymes Immune system functions Muscle contractions (actin and myosin) Part of the cell membrane ○ Protein Denaturation: occurswhenthehydrogenbondsthatmaintainshape of a protein are broken and the protein becomes nonfunctional Factors that can cause denaturation are: high temperaturesand/orimproper pH ○ Enzymes: organic catalysts that increase the rate at which biochemical reactions proceed without the enzyme being permanently changed. work by lowering theenergy of activation Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) ★ an especially important organic molecule found in all living organisms. ★ It consists of adenosine (the sugar ribose with the organic base adenine) and three phosphate groups. ★ often called the energy currency of cells because it is capable of both storing and providing energy . N 4 UCLEIC ACIDS ○ Composed of C, H, O, N, P ○ Examples: DNA and RNA Nucleotides are the building blocks ★ Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogen base, phosphate, and 5-carbon sugar
