Ch. 9 Diversity of Life.pdf

REVIEW OUTLINE Taxonomy and Domains 1. Taxonomy 2. Kingdoms 3. Domains Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Taxonomy and Domains...

REVIEW OUTLINE Taxonomy and Domains 1. Taxonomy 2. Kingdoms 3. Domains Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Taxonomy and Domains Bootcamp.com Taxonomy Science of classifying organisms King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup Taxonomy and Domains Bootcamp.com Six Kingdom System 1. Archaea 2. Eubacteria 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia What is the largest classification of life? Taxonomy and Domains Bootcamp.com Domains Largest classification of life Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Taxonomy and Domains Bootcamp.com Archaea Similar to bacteria, but also have eukaryotic traits Extremophiles What does this term mean? Live in harsh environments Taxonomy and Domains Bootcamp.com Bacteria Single celled Peptidoglycan cell walls No organelles No membrane-bound nucleus Taxonomy and Domains Bootcamp.com Eukarya Membrane bound organelles Membrane bound nucleus Most multicellular organisms Animals, plants, and fungi Taxonomy and Domains Bootcamp.com Comparing the 3 Domains Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Membrane-bound Absent Absent Present organelles Introns Present in some Absent Present Membrane lipids Ether – linked Ester – linked Ester – linked Chromosomes Circular Usually circular Linear Plasmids Present Present Rare Operons Present Present Rare Reproduction Binary fission Binary fission Mitosis/meiosis Ribosomes 70S 70S 80S Peptidoglycan in cell Absent Present Absent wall Taxonomy and Domains Bootcamp.com Mini Quiz! An organism with mitochondria belongs to which domain? A) Archaea B) Bacteria C) Eukarya D) Animalia  REVIEW OUTLINE Taxonomy and Domains 1. Taxonomy Review Questions 2. Kingdoms What is the taxonomic system of 3. Domains classification, and why is it used? Archaea What are the three domains, and which Bacteria do you belong to? Eukarya How do organisms in each of the Review Question Answers: domains differ from one another? 1. The taxonomic system of classification is the hierarchal model of classifying, naming, and defining organisms based on shared characteristics. This system is used to classify species based on their shared traits and lineage. 2. The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Humans belong to the domain Eukarya. 3. Organisms in each domain differ based on the presence of membrane-bound organelles, the shape of their chromosome, and the presence of peptidoglycan in their cell wall. Taxonomy and Domains Bootcamp.com References: Slide 4: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 6: Hot pool Jon Sullivan, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons & Volcano Boaworm, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 7: domdomegg, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 8: Kelvinsong, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons REVIEW OUTLINE Prokaryotes 1. Word Origin 2. Cell Wall Gram-positive Gram-negative 3. Ribosomes 4. DNA Organization Horizontal Gene Transfer 5. Structural Features 6. Morphology 7. Reproduction Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Prokaryotes Archaea and Eubacteria What are key identifiers of prokaryotes? No membrane bound nuclei No membrane bound organelles Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Word Origin: Prokaryotes Pro: before Karyon: nucleus Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Ki gd m M e a Grouped bacteria & archaea together What's wrong with this? Bacteria & archaea belong to different domains Bacteria & archaea are less related than archaea & eukarya Former Kingdom Monera split Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaea Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Word Origin: Eubacteria Eu: true Eubacteria fit the initial thoughts of what a bacteria was Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Word Origin: Archaea Archea: ancient First archaea identified produced methane Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Cell Wall What is the purpose of a cell wall? Protection and structural support Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Cell Wall Eubacteria Peptidoglycan present in cell wall Lipids in cell membrane linked via esters agree Archaea : Head No peptidoglycan in cell wall Lipids in cell membrane linked via ethers Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Peptidoglycans What are these made up of? Carbohydrates and amino acids What stain tests for these? Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Peptidoglycans What are these made up of? Carbohydrates and amino acids What stain tests for these? Gram stain Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Gram Stain Gram-positive: Thick peptidoglycan layer Stain dark purple Gram-positive: negative: Thin peptidoglycan layer Stain pink Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Gram-positive vs Gram-negative Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Outer Cell Membrane Is this found in gram-positive or gram-negative cells? Only found in gram-negative cells Made of lipopolysaccharides and protein Outer Membrane q Eg My Gfdellwall My MInner Membrane Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Bacterial Toxins Exotoxins Secreted by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Endotoxins LPs Embedded in outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria Outer Membrane q Eg My MDdelwall My MInner Membrane Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Teichoic Acids Acidic polysaccharides found in gram positive bacteria Connect cell wall to cell membrane A Md ma Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Capsule Found in Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells What is the purpose of a capsule? Acts like a shield Prevents bacteria from being eaten by immune cells Prevents bacteria from drying out Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Gram-positive Bacteria Can you recall key features of Gram-positive bacteria? Stain purple Thick peptidoglycan layer No second membrane Relatively small periplasm Exotoxins present Endotoxins absent Teichoic acids present Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Gram-negative Bacteria Can you recall key features of Gram-negative bacteria? Pink staining Thin peptidoglycan layer Possess an outer membrane Relatively large periplasm Produce exotoxins & endotoxins No teichoic acids Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Prokaryotic Ribosomes Assembled in nucleoid region 70S Ribosome structure differs between archaea and bacteria Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com DNA Organization- Similarities Both bacteria and archaea possess plasmids What are plasmids? Segments of extrachromosomal DNA Can be passed horizontally between cells Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com DNA Organization- Differences Archaea: Utilize histones & introns Bacteria: Lack histones & introns What are histones and introns? Histone DNA Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Structural Features Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Bacteria Morphology Coccus- Spherical Bacillus- Cylindrical Spirillum/spirochete- Spirals Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Bacteria Morphology Diplo- Pairs Strep- Chain Staph- Clusters Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Reproduction Binary fission: simultaneous growth, genome duplication, divides into two identical daughter cells Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Endospores: Tough non-reproductive structures Allows bacteria to enter a dormant state Allows bacteria to endure environmental stress Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Archaea vs Eubacteria What are some differences between archaea and eubacteria? Archaea Eubacteria Type of Organism Prokaryote Prokaryote Cell Wall Lacks peptidoglycan; Contains peptidoglycan; ether-linkages ester linkages Ribosome 70S; unique structure 70S; unique structure DNA Organization Circular with introns and Circular with no introns histones or histones Structural Features Flagella and pili Flagella and pili Reproduction Binary fission Binary fission Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com Mini Quiz! What is a characteristic of a Gram-positive bacteria? A) Pink staining B) Thick peptidoglycan layer FX C) Presence of a second cell membrane D) Presence of endotoxins  REVIEW OUTLINE Prokaryotes 1. Word Origin 2. Cell Wall Review Questions Gram-positive What are some characteristics of Gram- Gram-negative positive bacteria? 3. Ribosomes What is horizontal gene transfer and what does it entail? 4. DNA Organization Horizontal Gene Transfer What are some of the different bacterial morphologies? 5. Structural Features 6. Morphology Review Question Answers: 7. Reproduction 1. Gram-positive bacteria stain purple, have a thick peptidoglycan layer, teichoic acids, and a small amount of periplasm. 2. Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genes between individual organisms. Bacteria can use pili to copy and transfer genetic material (conjugation), uptake extracellular DNA from the environment (transformation), or use viruses to transfer genetic material between different bacterial hosts (transduction). 3. Different bacterial morphologies include coccus (spherical), spirochete (spiral), and bacillus (rod). Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com References: Slide 3: LadyofHats, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 5: Prokaryote LadyofHats, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons & Eukaryote MesserWoland and Szczepan1990, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 7: self-made, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 11: LadyofHats, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 12: Cell LadyofHats, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons & Wall Philip Halling / Castle wall, Portchester Castlehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en Slide 13: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 15: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 16: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 17: Y tambe, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 18: Graevemoore at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com References: Slide 20: Franciscosp2, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 21: Franciscosp2, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 22: Franciscosp2, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 23: LadyofHats, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 24: Bacteria LadyofHats, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons & Shield Kristrun Hansen, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 26: Graevemoore at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 28: Graevemoore at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 29: LadyofHats, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 30: User:Spaully on English wikipedia, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 31: User:Spaully on English wikipedia, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons Prokaryotes Bootcamp.com References: Slide 34: Histone User:Zephyris, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons & DNA Gene_structure.svg: en:User:Daycd, traced by User:Stanneredderivative work: Furfur, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 35: LadyofHats, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 36: LadyofHats, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 37: LadyofHats, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 38: Drawn by w:User:JWSchmidt (w:Image:Binary fission.png); vectorized by w:User:JTojnar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 39: Endospore graphic Alayna5231, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons & Endospore stain CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons REVIEW OUTLINE Eukaryotes 1. Organisms 2. Cell Wall 3. Size 4. DNA Organization 5. Ribosomes 6. Transcription & Translation 7. Cell Cycle Eukaryotes Bootcamp.com Eukaryotic Organisms What are some examples of eukaryotic organisms? Organisms with membrane bound nuclei and organelles Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Eukaryotes Bootcamp.com Cell Wall Do eukaryotes have a cell wall? Some do (like plants) Plant Cell Animal Cell Eukaryotes Bootcamp.com Size Are eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells larger? Eukaryotes Bootcamp.com DNA Organization Linear chromosomes in nucleus Plasmids sometimes present DNA replication is slow DNA contains introns Usually diploid Eukaryotes Bootcamp.com Ribosomes Eukaryotic Ribosomes 80S Eukaryotes Bootcamp.com Transcription & Translation Transcription: Occurs in the nucleus Translation: Occurs in the cytoplasm Eukaryotes Bootcamp.com Cell Cycle Length Do prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells have shorter cell cycles? Eukaryotic cell cycles are longer Eukaryotic cell division occurs via mitosis  Eukaryotes Bootcamp.com Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes 1 Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Membrane bound No Yes organelles Cell wall Yes Some eukaryotes Size Smaller Larger DNA Usually single, circular Usually multiple, linear chromosome in nucleoid chromosomes in nucleus region Plasmids Eubacteria frequent; Sometimes Archaea sometimes Histones Eubacteria- no Yes Archaea- yes DNA Replication Fast Slow Introns Eubacteria- no Yes Archaea- yes  Eukaryotes Bootcamp.com Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes 2 Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Ribosomes 70S 80S Ploidy Haploid Usually diploid Telomeres Absent Present Electron Transport Located along cell Located in inner Chain membrane mitochondrial membrane Transcription + Occur simultaneously Transcription first in translation nucleus, translation follows in cytoplasm Cell cycle length Short; quick cell division Long; slow cell division via binary fission through mitosis Eukaryotes Bootcamp.com Mini Quiz! What is an example of an organism that is not a eukaryote? A) Amoeba B) Plant C) Fungus D) E. coli  REVIEW OUTLINE Eukaryotes 1. Organisms 2. Cell Wall Review Questions 3. Size What are some examples of eukaryotes? 4. DNA Organization What are some key features of 5. Ribosomes eukaryotic organisms? 6. Transcription & Translation How do eukaryotes and prokaryotes 7. Cell Cycle differ from one another? Review Question Answers: 1. Examples of eukaryotes are animals, plants, fungi, and protists. 2. Key features of eukaryotic organisms include their large size, the presence of membrane-bound organelles, have 80S ribosomes, slow DNA replication, and linear-shaped chromosomes. 3. Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes are smaller in size, do not have membrane-bound organelles, have 70S ribosomes, and undergo fast DNA replication. Eukaryotes Bootcamp.com References: Slide 3: Protist Picturepest, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Tree Walter Siegmund, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Dog Hebrew Matio, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 5: Plant cell domdomegg, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons & Animal Cell OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 7: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 8: Chromosome CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons & Introns Gene_structure.svg: en:User:Daycd, traced by User:Stanneredderivative work: Furfur, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 9: OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 10: OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 12: Ali Zifan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons REVIEW OUTLINE Protista 1. General Features 2. Fungus-like Protists 3. Plant-like Protists 4. Animal-like Protists Protista Bootcamp.com Kingdom Protista Are protists fungi, plants, or animals? NO! Fungus-like protists Plant-like protists Animal-like protists Protista Bootcamp.com Fungus-like Protists How do these protists differ from fungi? Lack a cell wall made of chitin Can move with flagella and cilia Protista Bootcamp.com Fungus-like Protists Saprophytic What does this term mean? What does it indicate about where these live? Feed on decaying matter Most live in moist soil Ingest food via phagocytosis Protista Bootcamp.com Fungus-like Protists Asexual reproduction and sporulation Spore cell wall is thick and strong Protista Bootcamp.com Plant-like Protists Photosynthetic autotrophs What does this mean? Produce organic matter from inorganic molecules using photosynthesis Protista Bootcamp.com Dinoflagellates, diatoms and euglenoids Plant-like protists Unicellular Asexual reproduction Aquatic Protista Bootcamp.com Dinoflagellates Responsible for red tides 2 Flagella Can parasitically infect certain animals Protista Bootcamp.com Animal-like Protists (Protozoa) Proto-primitive Zoan-animal Eukaryotic Unicellular Heterotrophic Contain food vacuoles Tend to be parasitic ooooo Protista Bootcamp.com Animal-like Protists (Protozoa) Amoeba Paramecium Protista Bootcamp.com Mini Quiz! What is a commonality between all protists? A) Cell Wall B) Heterotrophic C) Autotrophic D) Membrane bound organelles  REVIEW OUTLINE Protista 1. General Features Review Questions 2. Fungus-like Protists What are three classes of protists? How to protists differ from plants, 3. Plant-like Protists animals, and fungi? What do the terms saprophytic, 4. Animal-like Protists heterotrophic, and autotrophic mean? Review Question Answers: 1. The three classes of protists include fungus-like, plant-like, and animal-like protists 2. Protists differ from plants, animals, and fungi being that they are unicellular organisms that are grouped together based on their inability to fit in animal, plant, or fungi groups. 3. Saprophytic organisms feed on decaying matter, heterotrophic organisms ingest organic compounds to generate energy & survive, and autotrophic organisms produce organic compounds from abiotic factors (sunlight, water, CO2). Protista Bootcamp.com References: Slide 2: Single Cell Picturepest, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons & Kelp Eric Kilby from Somerville, MA, USA, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 4: Slime mold Lawrence Durell Wade, M.D., CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Kelp Eric Kilby from Somerville, MA, USA, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Protozoan Donald Hobern from Copenhagen, Denmark, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 5: Lawrence Durell Wade, M.D., CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 6: Lawrence Durell Wade, M.D., CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 8: Slime Mold KeresH, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons & Phagocytosis OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 9: Lawrence Durell Wade, M.D., CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Protista Bootcamp.com References: Slide 10: Kelp Eric Kilby from Somerville, MA, USA, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons & Algae CSIRO, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 11: Kelp Eric Kilby from Somerville, MA, USA, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons & Algae CSIRO, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 12: Dinoflagellates Tintinnidguy, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Diatoms GeSHaFish, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Euglenoid Rogelio Moreno, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 13: Red tide far away https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La-Jolla-Red-Tide.780.jpg#file, Red Tide off the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Pier La Jolla California Released into the Public Domain August P Alejandro Díaz From the English Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:La-Jolla-Red-Tide.780.jpg], & Red tide close up melvil, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 14: Deuterostome, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Protista Bootcamp.com References: Slide 15: Amoeba Picturepest, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Paramecium Anatoly Mikhaltsov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons REVIEW OUTLINE Fungi 1. General Features 2. Nonfilamenous Fungi 3. Filamentous Fungi Septate Hyphae Coenocytic Hyphae 4. Fungi Reproduction 5. Lichens Fungi Bootcamp.com Kingdom Fungi All fungi have cell walls Contain the polysaccharide glucan Heterotrophic saprophytes What does this mean? Feed on dead/decaying matter Fungi Bootcamp.com Kingdom Fungi: Groups Nonfilamentous fungi Filamentous fungi Fungi Bootcamp.com Nonfilamentous Fungi- Yeast Unicellular Reproduce asexually- budding Facultatively anaerobic What does this term mean?  Fungi Bootcamp.com Nonfilamentous Fungi- Yeast Unicellular Reproduce asexually- budding Facultatively anaerobic What does this term mean? Utilize fermentation in absence of O2 Glucose 42 Ethand Fungi Bootcamp.com Filamentous Fungi- Molds Multicellular & multinucleate Aerobic respiration Form hyphae What are hyphae? Long branching filaments Form networks with nearby fungi What are all of the hyphae called collectively? Mycelium Includes all connected spores Fungi Bootcamp.com Septate Hyphae What does the term septate mean? Septum- dividing wall Septa separates hyphae into multiple sections Cell division occurs with cytokinesis Fungi Bootcamp.com Coenocytic Hyphae No septa present Large multinucleate cell (Coenocyte) Cell division occurs without cytokinesis Fungi Bootcamp.com Septate vs Coenocytic Hyphae What are some advantages of each? Septate Septa close if injured Septa increase structural stability Coenocytic Rapid nutrient diffusion Fungi Bootcamp.com Asexual Reproduction 1. Haploid mycelium grows spore producing structure 2. Haploid spores (conidia) produced 3. Conidia grow by mitosis Genetically identical offspring produced Hyphae are also capable of 3 2 fragmentation or budding I Fungi Bootcamp.com Sexual Reproduction 1. Two hyphae fuse cytoplasm Plasmogamy Fused Cell= 2 haploid nuclei g a Pron clei 2. Pronuclei fuse Karyogamy Diploid cell forms 3. Diploid cell Meiosis Forms new haploid mycelium Genetically diverse offspring 3 2 Fungi Bootcamp.com Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction When is a fungus likely to use asexual reproduction? Good conditions: Asexual reproduction Bad conditions: Sexual reproduction Fungi Bootcamp.com Lichens Symbiotic Autotrophs What is this? Groups of organisms that live together and make their own food Fungus and algae or cyanobacteria Algae Fungal Hyphae Fungi Bootcamp.com Lichens- Algae Produce food for fungus via photosynthesis Algae Fungal Hyphae Fungi Bootcamp.com Lichens- Fungus Provide water and nutrients to algae Provide protection to algae Algae Fungal Hyphae Fungi Bootcamp.com Lichens Resistant to adverse conditions Clean air of pollutants Indicate ecosystem is healthy Algae Fungal Hyphae Fungi Bootcamp.com Mini Quiz! If a mycelium is doing poorly in an environment, which type of reproduction will it undergo? A) Budding B) Fragmentation C) Asexual Reproduction D) Sexual Reproduction  REVIEW OUTLINE Fungi 1. General Features Review Questions 2. Nonfilamenous Fungi What is a characteristic shared between all fungi? 3. Filamentous Fungi What are the two main categories of fungi and how are they different? Septate Hyphae Coenocytic Hyphae How do fungi reproduce, if there are multiple ways, what are the benefits to each? 4. Fungi Reproduction 5. Lichens Review Question Answers: 1. All fungi have cell walls that contain the polysaccharide glucan. 2. Fungi are categorized as either filamentous or nonfilamentous. Nonfilamentous fungi are unicellular, facultative anaerobes. Filamentous fungi are multicellular, multinucleate, and undergo aerobic respiration. (See next page for Q3.)  3. Filamentous fungi undergo sexual reproduction, whereas nonfilamentous fungi undergo asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction is beneficial in Fungi unfavorable conditions, allowing for increased genetic variation to increase a fungi’s chance of survival. Asexual reporudction is beneficial in favorable Bootcamp.com conditions, allowing for fungi to reproduce genetically identical offspring equipped to survive in these favorable conditions in a faster manner. References: Slide 2: Mold Rim maKhaz, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Mushroom Famartin, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Yeast www.yourbestdigs.com/r eviews/best-bread-machine/, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 3: : Mold Rim maKhaz, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Mushroom Famartin, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Yeast www.yourbestdigs.com/r eviews/best-bread-machine/, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 5: Yeast cell domdomegg, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Budding DBCLS 統合TV, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Fungi Bootcamp.com References: Slide 6: Beer Shabicht, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Bread Katrin Morenz from Aachen, Deutschland, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 7: Sarah Greenwood, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 8: Sarah Greenwood, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 9: Mushroom cap Sarah Greenwood, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Mycelium Rob Hille, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 19: Lichen on tree Alex Proimos from Sydney, Australia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 20: Lichen on tree Alex Proimos from Sydney, Australia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 21: Lichen on tree Alex Proimos from Sydney, Australia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 22: Lichen on tree Alex Proimos from Sydney, Australia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 23: Lichen on tree Alex Proimos from Sydney, Australia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons REVIEW OUTLINE Animalia 1. Animal Traits 2. Important Phyla 3. Acoelomates 4. Coelomates 5. Pseudocoelomates Animalia Bootcamp.com Kingdom Animalia What are some examples of animals? Animalia Bootcamp.com Kingdom Animalia What makes an animal, an animal? Eukaryotic Multicellular Motile Heterotrophic aerobes No cell wall Animalia Bootcamp.com Important Phyla (10) Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata Animalia Bootcamp.com Important Phyla (10) Privileged- PoRifera Children- Cnidaria PLAY- PLAtYhelminthes Nicely- Nematoda Rapidly- Rotifera And- ANNelida Maturely- Mollusca ARTHur- ARTHropoda Ensures- Echinodermata COoperation- CHOrdata Animalia Bootcamp.com Vertebrates Vertebrates possess: Vertebrae Notochord Nerve Cord Endoskeleton Coelom Tissues and organs Animalia Bootcamp.com Vertebrates Vertebrates live on FARM B Fish Amphibians Reptiles Mammals Birds Animalia Bootcamp.com Invertebrates Invertebrates make A MESS Arthropods Mollusks Echinoderms Sponges Segmented Worms Animalia Bootcamp.com Coelom Body cavity found within some organisms Lies between the mesoderm and endoderm more oooo att Animalia Bootcamp.com Acoelomate No cavity between mesoderm and endoderm Animalia Bootcamp.com Coelomate Coelom surrounded by mesoderm on all sides A Animalia Bootcamp.com Coelomate- Schizocoeloms Form due to the separation of mesodermal cells during development Undergo schizocoely Protostomes Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda by Mr Animalia Bootcamp.com Coelomate- Enterocoeloms Form due to out pocketing of the embryonic gut into the mesodermal space Undergo enterocoely Deuterostomes Yp Echinodermata Chordata What is a difference between protostomes and deuterostomes? Animalia Bootcamp.com Coelomate- Enterocoeloms Form due to out pocketing of the embryonic gut into the mesodermal space Undergo enterocoely Deuterostomes Echinodermata Chordata What is a difference between protostomes and deuterostomes? Deuterostomes: Blastopore Anus Protostomes: Blastopore Mouth Animalia Bootcamp.com Pseudocoelom Body cavity is partially surrounded by mesoderm m Animalia Bootcamp.com Pseudocoelom Body cavity is partially surrounded by mesoderm e Ml Animalia Bootcamp.com Phyla Acoelomate Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Platyhelminthes Annelida Nematoda Mollusca Rotifera Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata Why are Porifera and Cnidaria not on this list? They are not trilaminar  Animalia Bootcamp.com Mini Quiz! What term can be used to describe this organism? A) Acoelomate q B) Coelomate C) Pseudocoelomate a D) Diploblastic  REVIEW OUTLINE Animalia 1. Animal Traits Review Questions 2. Important Phyla What are the ten phyla we learned today? 3. Acoelomates What is a coelom, which animals are coelomates? 4. Coelomates What makes an animal, an animal? 5. Pseudocoelomates Review Question Answers: 1. Porifera, Cnidaria, Platlyhelminthes, Nematoda, Roitfera, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata. 2. A coelom is a body cavity found in certain organisms that lies between the mesoderm and endoderm. Coelomates include the schizocoelomates (Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda), and enterocoelomates (Echinodermata, Chordata). 3. Animals are considered animals due to their eukaryotic, multicellular nature, being motile, heterotrophic aerobes that lack a cell wall. Animalia Bootcamp.com References: Slide 3: Sponge Nhobgood Nick Hobgood, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Coral Cole Bryant, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Snail macrophile on Flickr, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Dwayne Johnson Eva Rinaldi, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Sperm Whale Gabriel Barathieu, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Insect Mick Talbot from Lincoln (U.K.), England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 9: Lamprey Anonymous Public Domain, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Vertebral Column OpenStax College, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Animalia Bootcamp.com References: Slide 10: Salmon Timothy Knepp of the Fish and Wildlife Service., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, Frog Charles J. Sharp, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Lizard Pahcal123, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons , Horse Eatcha, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 11: Grasshopper Mick Talbot from Lincoln (U.K.), England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Sponge Nhobgood Nick Hobgood, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Snail macrophile on Flickr, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Starfish Paul Shaffner, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & worm Ryan Hodnett, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Slide 12: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 13: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Animalia Bootcamp.com References: Slide 14: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 15: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 16: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 17: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 18: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 22: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons REVIEW OUTLINE Poriferans 1. Phylum Porifera & Cnidarians 2. Phylum Cnidaria Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Phylum Porifera Sponges Simple organisms Have pores Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Phylum Porifera Asymmetrical body plan Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Phylum Porifera Parazoa What does this term mean? Animals without true tissues Cannot be classified in terms of coelom Lack a: Nervous system Circulatory system Respiratory system Excretory system Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Phylum Porifera Sessile What does this term mean? Fixed in one place Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Phylum Porifera Reproduce asexually or sexually Asexually- Budding Sexually- Hermaphrodites Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Phylum Cnidaria Hydra Jellyfish Sea anemone Coral Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Phylum Cnidaria Radial symmetry Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Phylum Cnidaria Eumetazoans Diploblastic What do these terms mean? Eumetazoans: Animals with true tissues Diploblastic: Two cellular layers (endoderm & ectoderm) Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Phylum Cnidaria Gastrovascular cavities Only one opening Act as a hydrostatic skeleton Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Phylum Cnidaria Hydrostatic Skeletons Circular muscles contract- Longer Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Phylum Cnidaria Hydrostatic Skeletons Longitudinal muscles contract- Shorter Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Phylum Cnidaria Cnidocytes Cells that shoot poisonous barbs Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Phylum Cnidaria Nerve nets What is a nerve net? Collection of neurons that are spread apart Typically found in organisms with radial symmetry Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Phylum Cnidaria Polyps: Non-motile Medusae: Motile Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Phylum Cnidaria Reproduction: primarily asexual via budding Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com Mini Quiz! What is a feature unique to Poriferans? A) Cnidocytes B) Budding C) Sessile D) Spicules  REVIEW OUTLINE Poriferans 1. Phylum Porifera & Cnidarians 2. Phylum Cnidaria Review Questions What do the terms Parazoa and Eumetazoa mean? What are some key features of sponges that you will use to identify them? Review Question Answers: What type of symmetry are Cnidarians 1. Parazoa refers to animals that lack true tissues. Eumetazoa refers to animals that have true tissues. said to have? 2. Sponges can be identified by their sessile nature, lack of true tissues (parazoa), presence of pores, and having an asymmetrical body symmetry. 3. Cnidarians have radial symmetry. Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com References: Slide 2: Sponge left Nhobgood (talk) Nick Hobgood, CC BY- SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons & sponge right Nhobgood Nick Hobgood, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 3: Neno69, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 5: Philcha, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 6: Sponge waterflow Philcha, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons & spicule Hannes Grobe, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 7: Nhobgood Nick Hobgood, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 8: Nhobgood Nick Hobgood, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 11: Bernard DUPONT from FRANCE, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com References: Slide 12: Hydra Database Center for Life Science (DBCLS), CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Jellyfish Alexander Vasenin, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Sea Anemone Bernard Spragg. NZ from Christchurch, New Zealand, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Coral Miriam Grandauer, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 13: Flower symmetry: Charl Hutchings, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, jellyfish RhysTyler211 from Ipswich, QLD, Australia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 15: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 16: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 19: Antropoteuthis, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 21: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Poriferans & Cnidarians Bootcamp.com References: Slide 22: Sea anemone Betty Wills, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & jellyfish Photollama, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 23: A.houghton19, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons REVIEW OUTLINE Platyhelminthes, 1. Phylum Platyhelminthes Nematoda, & Rotifera 2. Phylum Nematoda 3. Phylum Rotifera Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Platyhelminthes Tapeworms Flukes Planaria Flatworms Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Platyhelminthes The- Tapeworms Flat- Flatworms Planet- Planaria Failed- Flukes Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Platyhelminthes Bilateral symmetry w/ cephalization Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Platyhelminthes Triploblastic Acoelomates What do these terms mean? Triploblastic: Derived from 3 embryonic germ layers Acoelomate: Lacking a coelom Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Platyhelminthes Utilize a gastrovascular cavity (except tapeworms) Lack a: Circulatory system Respiratory system Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Platyhelminthes Utilize nerve cords & anterior centralized ganglia Some planarians have eyespots Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Platyhelminthes Utilize protonephridia What is this? Bundle of flame cells Function similarly to a kidney Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Platyhelminthes Reproduction Sexual reproduction- Hermaphrodites Asexual reproduction- Regeneration Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Nematoda Round worms Hook worms C. elegans Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Nematoda Bilateral symmetry Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Nematoda Triploblastic Pseudocoelomates What do these terms mean? Triploblastic: Derived from 3 embryonic germ layers Pse docoeloma e Possessing a pse do coelom Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Nematoda Pseudocoelom Utilized as a hydrostatic skeleton Nematodes utilize longitudinal muscles only Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Nematoda Utilize a complete, one-way digestive system What is an alimentary canal? Entire passage between the mouth and anus Includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines negates F or mm Mf Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Nematoda Lack a: Circulatory system Respiratory system Excretory system afloat F oh mm Mf Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Nematoda Utilize a nerve cord and ring Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Nematoda Some utilize cuticles to prevent digestion by host Parasitic Not segmented Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Rotifera Rotifers Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Rotifera What are cilia and what are they used for? Structures that extend outward from cells Motile cilia help organisms move Non-motile cilia act as cellular antennas Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Rotifera What type of symmetry would you expect a rotifer to have? Bilateral symmetry Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Rotifera Triploblastic Pseudocoelomates Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Rotifera Utilize a complete, one-way digestive system Lack a: Circulatory system Respiratory system Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Rotifera Utilize protonephridia with flame cells Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Rotifera Utilize a cerebral ganglia with some nerves extending though the body Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Phylum Rotifera Reproduce sexually or via parthenogenesis What is parthenogenesis? Virgin birth Asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into an offspring A mo w mm Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com Mini Quiz! Which of these phyla have members that utilize a gastrovascular cavity? A) Porifera B) Nematoda C) Platyhelminthes D) Rotifera  REVIEW OUTLINE Platyhelminthes, 1. Phylum Platyhelminthes Nematoda, & Rotifera 2. Phylum Nematoda Review Questions Are roundworms considered parazoans 3. Phylum Rotifera or eumetazoans? What are some key features of rotifers that you will use to identify them? Review Question Answers: 1. Roundworms are considered to be eumetazoans. What are some differences between 2. Rotifers can be identified by beating cilia that draws food and water into their Platyhelminthes and Nematoda? mouth, a cerebral ganglia with nerves extending through the body, and living mostly in freshwater environments. 3. Platyhelminthes have two nerve cords and an anterior centralized ganglia (brain), whereas Nematoda have a nerve cord and ring. Platyhelminthes have a gastrovascular cavity as their digestive system, while Nematoda have an alimentary canal. Unlike Nematoda, Platyhelminthes have protonephridia that are involved in osmoregulation. Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com References: Slide 2: Flatworm Jens Petersen, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Flukes background removed, color, noise and size changesWilfredor, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons, Tapeworm CDC's Division of Parasitic Diseases (DPD), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, & Planaria Xavier japiot, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 5: Fly Charl Hutchings, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Flatworm yeowatzup, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 7: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 8: Andreas Neudecker, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 9: Andreas Neudecker, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 11: Chippolito, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com References: Slide 12: Holger Brandl, HongKee Moon, Miquel Vila- Farré, Shang-Yun Liu, Ian Henry, and Jochen C. Rink, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 13: Heart worm MUHAMMED RAIHAN PA, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Hook worm Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons, & C. elegans The original uploader was Kbradnam at English Wikipedia.(Original text: Zeynep F. Altun, Editor of www.wormatlas.org), CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 14: Fly Charl Hutchings, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & C. elegans The original uploader was Kbradnam at English Wikipedia.(Original text: Zeynep F. Altun, Editor of www.wormatlas.org), CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 16: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 19: K. D. Schroeder, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 20: K. D. Schroeder, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com References: Slide 21: Uwe Gille, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 22: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 23: Frank Fox, CC BY-SA 3.0 DE, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 25: Boumphreyfr, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 26: Mucociliary escalator BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436., CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 28: Charl Hutchings, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 29: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 31: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Rotifera Bootcamp.com References: Slide 34: Author=Dita Vizoso, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons REVIEW OUTLINE Annelida & Mollusca 1. Phylum Annelida 2. Phylum Mollusca Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Annelida Earthworms Leeches Polychaetes Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Annelida What type of symmetry do these organisms have? Bilateral symmetry Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Annelida Triploblastic coelomates What does this mean? Triploblastic: Derived from 3 embryonic germ layers Coelomate: Possessing a true coelom My 9 ga Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Annelida Utilize a complete, one-way digestive system Utilize a gizzard Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Annelida Closed circulatory system Blood is pumped through vessels by a heart Blood doe n fill em bod ca i ie Multiple pairs of aortic arches Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Annelida Utilize a ventral nerve cord & anterior ganglia Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Annelida Most have metanephridia What do you think these are used for? Excretion and osmoregulation Tubes with cilia that move fluids of Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Annelida Asexual reproduction- Regeneration Sexual reproduction- Hermaphrodites Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Protostomes Blastopore becomes the mouth Spiral cleavage: Indicates how the axis of embryonic cell cleavage is oriented Determinate cleavage: Fate of the cell determined early on Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Mollusca Clams Snails Slug Squid Octopus Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Mollusca Bilateral symmetry Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Mollusca Triploblastic coelomates Wu am a Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Mollusca Utilize a complete one-way digestive system What is a complete digestive system? A digestive system with two openings name Mpeg tea mug Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Mollusca Rad la ong e covered in tiny teeth Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Mollusca Mainly open circulatory system Where does the blood go? Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Mollusca Mainly open circulatory system Where does the blood go? Hemocoel- space within an organism where blood can flow freely around the internal organs Separate from the coelom of Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Mollusca Utilize gills for respiration Noooo B MMGills m ad u p r on i v low Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Mollusca Utilize ventral nerve cords & brain MARA 11 Try at or as a dam IN Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Mollusca Utilize nephridia Pai of o mo eg la o kidne 7 a 4 3 garotte TEE MEN g daggett Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Mollusca Visceral mass: holds the bulk of organs Mantle: Thin tissue layer that secretes calcium carbonate Kaito Mme Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Phylum Mollusca Protostomes Spiral and determinate cleavage What does the blastopore eventually turn into in mollusks? Mouth  Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com Mini Quiz! Which phylum does an organism with the following traits belong to? Metanephridia, bilateral symmetry, spiral cleavage of embryonic cells, protostome, closed circulatory system. A) Nematoda B) Rotifera C) Mollusca D) Annelida  REVIEW OUTLINE Annelida & Mollusca 1. Phylum Annelida Review Questions 2. Phylum Mollusca What are some key features you noted during the embryonic development of protostomes? What are some key features of annelids and how will you remember them? What is the mantle, and why is it Review Question Answers: important? 1. Protostomes have a blastopore that becomes the mouth. 2. Annelids have a gizzard that is used for mechanical digestion prior to food going to the intestine. They also have a closed circulatory system with multiple pairs of aortic arches, and can undergo asexual reproduction via regeneration, or sexual reproduction (feature of hermaphroditic annelids). 3. A mantle is a feature of Mollusca that is a thin tissue layer that secretes calcium carbonate. Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com References: Slide 2: Earthworm Rob Hille, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, leech GlebK, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Polychaete Nhobgood (talk) Nick Hobgood, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 3: GlebK, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 4: Fly Charl Hutchings, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & leech GlebK, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 6: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 7: Chanabun R, Sutcharit C, Tongkerd P, Panha S, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 8: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 11: KDS4444, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 12: Beentree, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com References: Slide 13: WYassineMrabet✉, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 14: Mussels James St. John, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Snail macrophile on Flickr, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Slug Pain001, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Squid Betty Wills, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Octopus albert kok, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 15: James St. John, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 16: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 17: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Annelida & Mollusca Bootcamp.com References: Slide 18: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 19: Snail CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Radula Robert Hershler & Hsiu-Ping Liu, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 20: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 21: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 22: KDS444, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 23: KDS444, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 24: Original by Al2, English captions and other edits by Jeff Dahl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 25: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 27: WYassineMrabet✉, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons REVIEW OUTLINE Arthropoda 1. Class Insecta 2. Class Arachnida 3. Class Crustacea Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Class Arachnida Class Crustacea Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Phylum Arthropoda- Common features What does Arthropoda mean? Arthro- Joint Poda- Feet Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Phylum Arthropoda- Common features Chitinous exoskeleton What is this? Exoskeleton: skeleton found outside the body Chitin: complex carbohydrate Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Phylum Arthropoda- Common features Segmented body Bilateral symmetry Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Phylum Arthropoda- Common features What tissue organization would you expect arthropods to have? Triploblastic How would you classify this organism according to coelom? Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Phylum Arthropoda- Common features What tissue organization would you expect arthropods to have? Triploblastic How would you classify this organism according to coelom? Coelomate no Ale Alley Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Phylum Arthropoda- Common features Protostomes What type of coelom forms, and how does it form? Schizocoelom Schizocoely ang a Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Phylum Arthropoda- Common features Complete one-way digestive system Some have salivary glands Bootstrap no pygygappammmm Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Phylum Arthropoda- Common features Open circulatory system Hemolymph Ma  Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Phylum Arthropoda- Common features Utilize fused ganglia and ventral nerve cord Maiman's AN no Whyte Baiano mi nor as Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Class Insecta Ants Grasshoppers Honeybees Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Class Insecta How would you identify an insect? Three pairs of jointed legs One pair of antennae Many have wings Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Class Insecta Utilize spiracles and tracheal tubes for respiration Spiracles- Small openings in the exoskeleton Tracheal tubes- Where gas exchange occurs Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Class Insecta Utilize Malpighian tubules Tiny tubes found in an insects abdomen Function similarly to nephridia and kidneys Excrete uric acid Do our kidneys excrete this? Magoo Mattson my ammo now or jammer mom Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Class Insecta Utilize Malpighian tubules Tiny tubes found in an insects abdomen Function similarly to nephridia and kidneys Excrete uric acid Do our kidneys excrete this? Mammals excrete urea Birds, reptiles, and invertebrates tend to excrete uric acid Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Class Insecta Most under go metamorphosis Immature animals completely alter their appearance to mature into their adult form What is an example of metamorphosis? Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Class Arachnida Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Class Arachnida How would you identify an arachnid? Four pairs of legs M Chelicerae Pedipalps By flee a a Me Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Class Arachnida Some utilize a tracheal respiratory system Some utilize book lungs Series of hemolymph filled plate-like structures T GEE Moe j  Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Class Arachnida Some utilize Malpighian tubules Some utilize coxal glands Hayao ooo and no apron Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Class Arachnida Some utilize Malpighian tubules Some utilize coxal glands Do arachnids excrete uric acid, or urea? Arthropods all excrete uric acid Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Class Crustacea Lobsters Crayfish Crab Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Class Crustacea Utilize gills for respiration Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Class Crustacea Terrestrial- utilize Malpighian tubules Aquatic- utilize green glands ama Arthropoda Bootcamp.com Mini Quiz! Which class does an organism with the following traits belong to? Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry, open circulatory system, complete one-way digestive system, Malpighian tubules, book lungs. A) Arthropoda B) Arachnida C) Insecta D) Crustacea  REVIEW OUTLINE Arthropoda 1. Class Insecta Review Questions 2. Class Arachnida What are some examples of insects and how would their respiratory system differ from a crustacean? 3. Class Crustacea What are similarities that phylum Arthropoda share with phylum Mollusca? Review Question Answers: What is hemolymph, and what phyla that 1. Examples of insects include ants, honeybees, and grasshoppers. Insects use spiracles and tracheal tubes for respiration, whereas crustaceans utilize gills for their we have learned about so far have it? respiration. 2. Arthropoda and Mollusca are triploblastic, eumetazoans with a bilateral body symmetry. Both Arthropoda and Mollusca are coelomates, and all have ventral nerve cords. Both phyla have organisms that use gills for respiration. They all have ventral nerve cords, and have hemolymph. 3. Hemolymph is a fluid equivalent to blood found in the Arthropoda and Mollusca phyla. Arthropoda Bootcamp.com References: Slide 2: Grasshopper Ryan Wood, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, Spider James Gathany, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, & Crab Nosferattus, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 4: Ryan Wood, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 5: Kiloueka, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 6: Kiloueka, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 7: Charl Hutchings, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 9: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 10: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 12: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 13: Bugboy52.40, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Arthropoda Bootcamp.com References: Slide 14: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 15: Lateral view Bugboy52.40, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Dorsal view Giancarlo Dessì, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 16: Ant Pawel Bieniewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Grasshopper http://www.birdphotos.com, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Honey bee Ivar Leidus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 17: Ryan Wood, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 18: Ryan Wood, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 19: CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 20: Bugboy52.40, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 23: Cyanocorax - https://openclipart.org/artist/Cyanocorax, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons Arthropoda Bootcamp.com References: Slide 24: Unknown authorUnknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 25: Half spider James Henry Emerton (vectorisation by Habitator terrae), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, & whole spider LandenYu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 27: Book lung John Henry Comstock, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, & Spider Original: John Henry Comstock Vector: Pbroks13 (Ryan Wilson), CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 28: Spider Original: John Henry Comstock Vector: Pbroks13 (Ryan Wilson), CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Coxal gland / ‫ ء‬a>, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 31: Lobster User:Drew R. Smith, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Crayfish nature.catcher, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons, & Crab Filo gèn', CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 32: Saxophlute at the English Wikipedia, GFDL, via Wikimedia Commons Arthropoda Bootcamp.com References: Slide 33: / ‫ ء‬a>, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Slide 0 REVIEW OUTLINE Echinodermata 1. Phylum Echinodermata Echinodermata Bootcamp.com Phylum Echinodermata Starfish Sea urchin Sea cucumber Echinodermata Bootcamp.com Phylum Echinodermata What type of body symmetry does this phyla have? Adults- five fold radial symmetry Larvae- Bilateral Echinodermata Bootcamp.com Phylum Echinodermata Triploblastic How could we classify this organism according to coelom? Coelomate w a Echinodermata Bootcamp.com Phylum Echinodermata Utilize a complete, one-way digestive system 09 My own Mgk Echinodermata Bootcamp.com Phylum Echinodermata Utilize a water vascular system Central ring & radial canals Madreporite Tube feet Echinodermata Bootcamp.com Phylum Echinodermata Utilize a water vascular system Assists in: Gas exchange Nutrient exchange Waste exchange Echinodermata Bootcamp.com Phylum Echinodermata Utilize open circulatory system with no heart Lack a true: Respiratory system Excretory system Echinodermata Bootcamp.com Phylum Echinodermata Asexual & sexual reproduction Asexual- regeneration Echinodermata Bootcamp.com Phylum Echinodermata Asexual & sexual reproduction Asexual- regeneration Echinodermata Bootcamp.com Deuterostomes What are these? Blastopore forms the anus Radial cleavage- Indicates orientation of the axis of embryonic cell cleavage What other cleavage is noted in deuterostomes? Echinodermata Bootcamp.com Deuterostomes What are these? Blastopore forms the anus Radial cleavage- Indicates orientation of the axis of embryonic cell cleavage What other cleavage is noted in deuterostomes? Indeterminate cleavage- cell fate isn’t set early on Echinodermata Bootcamp.com Deuterostomes What type of coelom forms in deuterostomes? Through which process? Enterocoelom Enterocoely Echinodermata Bootcamp.com Mini Quiz! Which phylum does an organism with the following traits belong to? Triploblastic, deuterostome, radial symmetry, & radial cleavage. A) Arthropoda B) Arachnida C) Echinodermata D) Chordata  REVIEW OUTLINE Echinodermata 1. Phylum Echinodermata Review Questions What are characteristics of deuterostomes? What are some unique traits of echinoderms that you will use to identify them? What some examples of organisms in Review Question Answers: phylum Echinodermata? 1. Deuterostomes have a blastopore that forms the anus, undergoes radial and indeterminate cleavage. and forms an entercoelom. 2. Echinoderms are deuterostomes that undergo radial and indeterminate cleavage. They exhibit bilateral symmetry as larvae and five-fold radial symmetry as adults, and utilize a water vascular system in the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes. They have tube feet used for walking and obtaining food. 3. Starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. Echinodermata Bootcamp.com References: Slide 2: Starfish