Health: The Basics - Chapter 10 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Caffeine - PDF

Health: The Basics Fifth Canadian Edition Rebecca J. Donatelle Angela M. Thompson Chapter 10...

Health: The Basics Fifth Canadian Edition Rebecca J. Donatelle Angela M. Thompson Chapter 10 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Caffeine: Unacknowledged Drugs with Risk for Addictions Mary McKenna PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. Learning Objectives Describe alcohol-use patterns of students and physiologic and behavioural effects of alcohol consumption Explain symptoms, causes, treatments, costs, and effects of alcoholism Identify issues involved in tobacco use Explain short- and long- term physiologic effects of smoking Compare benefits and risks of caffeine consumption Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-2 Alcohol: An Overview 79.3% of Canadians consume alcohol Beer is most popular Moderate consumption is associated with benefits for heart health Misuse and abuse is a major public health problem 10% report harming themselves due to drinking and 32.7% report being harmed by someone else’s drinking in the past year Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-3 Alcohol: An Overview Types of problems associated with alcohol abuse: Family or marriage difficulties Verbal abuse, insults, serious arguments Physical assaults Hospital admissions Road deaths Industrial accidents Accidental drowning Homicide Suicide Economic cost of alcohol abuse: $14.6 billion (2002) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-4 Alcohol: An Overview Alcohol and the Post-Secondary Student Most used, misused, and abused recreational drug 94.5% of students consume alcohol Binge drinking continues to be a problem − drinking to become intoxicated: 5 drinks in a single sitting for men, 4 for women Students are vulnerable to alcohol-related problems Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-5 Alcohol: An Overview Rights versus Responsibilities Many students refuse to acknowledge that alcohol is a drug Society condones consumption and informs people about drinking responsibly Often, students’ words and actions do not match, especially if excess consumption is the norm Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-6 Alcohol: An Overview Rights versus Responsibilities - drinking guidelines (per week) Men: maximum 14 standard-sized drinks −30% report they exceed the guidelines Women: maximum 9 standard-sized drinks −15% report they exceed the guidelines Maximum 2 drinks per day (men and women) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-7 Physiological and Behaviour Effects of Alcohol Producing Alcohol Ethyl alcohol or ethanol Fermentation Distillation Proof – measure of the percent alcohol Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-8 Physiological and Behaviour Effects of Alcohol Behaviour Effects Effects vary with the setting and with the individual Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) is the ratio of alcohol to total blood volume Some people develop a learned behavioural tolerance to alcohol (when drinkers modify their behaviour to appear sober despite a high BAC) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-9 Physiological and Behaviour Effects of Alcohol Absorption and Metabolism Factors that influence absorption: Amount consumed in a given time Size, sex, body build, and metabolism Type and amount of food in the stomach Mood Women and Alcohol Higher percent body fat increases BAC Lower levels of enzyme needed to break down alcohol Breathalyzer and other tests Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-10 Physiological and Behaviour Effects of Alcohol Immediate Effects Central nervous system depressant Diuretic, but body retains water in the muscles and cerebral tissues Water pulled from cerebrospinal fluid leads to dehydration of the mitochondria Irritant to gastrointestinal system Hangover Drug interactions (prescription or other drugs) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-11 Physiological and Behaviour Effects of Alcohol Long-Term Effects Effects on the Nervous System Cardiovascular Effects Liver Disease Cancer (gender diff) Other Effects (e.g., inflammation of the pancreas, decreased nutrient absorption) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-12 Physiological and Behaviour Effects of Alcohol Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) Disorders relating to consumption of alcohol during pregnancy leading to lifelong developmental and cognitive disabilities − fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) − fetal alcohol effects (FAE) FASD leading cause of developmental delay: 1 - 6 of every thousand births Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-13 Physiological and Behaviour Effects of Alcohol Drinking and Driving Impaired driving is a major cause of death Kills about 1,350 Canadians annually Injures many more Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-14 Alcoholism Alcohol abuse (alcoholism) Use of alcohol that interferes with work, school, or personal relations or that entails violations of the law − 6.2% report binge drinking at least once per week − men ages 18-24 most likely to report binge drinking Most common areas affected Physical, financial and social health Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-15 Alcoholism How, Why, Whom? Tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms must be present to qualify as addicted Usually from chronic use over a period of time Can be found among people in all walks of life 10% chance of becoming addicted to alcohol Women are fastest-growing group becoming addicted to alcohol Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-16 Alcoholism The Causes of Alcoholism Biologic and Family Factors − type 1 alcoholics − type 2 alcoholics Social and Cultural Factors − peer pressure − emotional or social problems − family attitudes − social factors (e.g., urbanization) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-17 Alcoholism Effects of Alcoholism on the Family Dysfunctional families Children often assume at least one of the following roles − family hero − scapegoat − lost child − mascot Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-18 Alcoholism Costs to Society Over $18 billion in sales (2007) Employs > 14,000 people Average Canadian spends $667 annually Cost of alcohol abuse to society estimated at $7.5 billion Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-19 Alcoholism Women and Alcoholism More women are drinking Almost as many women alcoholics as men Alcoholism in women often starts later and progresses more quickly Women tend to receive less social support than men for treatment and recovery Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-20 Recovery Most addicted individuals experience a turning point that causes them to seek help The Family’s Role Intervention – a planned confrontation with a person addicted to alcohol in which family members and/or friends express their concern about the drinking Treatment Programs Programs include residential care facilities, outpatient, detox, walk-in, and crisis centres Various withdrawal symptoms Withdrawal is very difficult and medically risky Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-21 Recovery The Family’s Role (continued) Family, Individual, Group Therapy Other Types of Treatment − drug and aversion therapy − Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) − AA auxiliary groups (e.g., for spouses) Relapse 60% rate of relapse in first 3 months Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-22 Smoking Facts By 2020, tobacco use expected to kill more people than any single disease Canadians smoking less – since 1966, down from 54% men and 28% of women to 20% of men and 16% of women Number one preventable cause of death Kills 5 times more than car accidents, murder, suicide, and alcohol abuse combined (16.6% of all deaths) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-23 Smoking Tobacco and Its Effects Available in several forms − cigarettes − cigars − pipes − snuff − chewing tobacco Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-24 Smoking Tobacco and Its Effects (continued) Nicotine: stimulant chemical in tobacco products Smoking is the most common form of tobacco use − delivers strong dose of nicotine plus 5,000 chemicals − causes chemicals to condense on lungs to form tar − impairs cleansing of lungs by cilia − carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke is 800 times higher than safe levels − heat from tobacco smoke harms body tissues − filtered and clove cigarettes are not safer Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-25 Smoking Tobacco and Its Effects (continued) Physiological Effects of Nicotine −stimulates central nervous system −stimulates adrenal glands −increases heart rate and respiratory rate, and constricts blood vessels leading to increased blood pressure and risk of blood clots −reduces appetite Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-26 Smoking Smoking – A Learned Behaviour Begins with perception that smoking is a normal behaviour Transition from trying smoking to smoking every day takes 2 – 3 years 85% start before age of 16 Tobacco promotions − aimed at youth, especially young women − try to convey it is okay to smoke, increase the amount of smoking, and hinder quitting Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-27 Smoking Smokeless Tobacco Just as addictive as cigarettes due to high content of nicotine (more than cigarettes) Leukoplakia is a major risk – leathery white patches inside the mouth Impairs smell and taste, which may lead to overeating Causes dental problems such as receding gums, tooth decay, bad breath, and discoloured teeth Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-28 Smoking Environmental Tobacco Smoke Two types: – mainstream smoke – secondhand smoke (poses significant risk) Passive smokers: people who breathe smoke from someone else’s smoking Estimated to cause the most deaths of all environmental pollutants Exposed children have greater risk of developing respiratory problems Smoking is now illegal in many public places Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-29 Quitting Breaking the Nicotine Addiction One of the toughest addictions to overcome Irritability, restlessness, and intense cravings for tobacco Nicotine replacement products help some people Breaking the Habit Antismoking therapy such as aversion therapy Benefits of Quitting The body begins to repair immediately and many ex- smokers report more energy and better sleep After 1 year, risk for lung cancer and stroke decrease and other risks are reduced with time Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-30 Caffeine Most widely consumed drug in Canada May cause wakefulness, insomnia, irregular heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, indigestion Caffeine levels vary with product Caffeine Addiction To avoid let down after consuming coffee, people may drink more and develop a dependency (caffeinism) Coffee withdrawal may cause severe headaches The Health Consequences of Long-Term Caffeine Use No strong evidence to suggest moderate intake (less than 3 cups per day) is harmful People with certain health conditions need to be careful Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 10-31