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The First Americans Major Takeaways 1.The first American cultures were incredibly diverse. 2.The first American cultures were incredibly advanced. 1. Be able to explain the two main theories of how humans came to the Americas. 2. Be able to define Beringia....

The First Americans Major Takeaways 1.The first American cultures were incredibly diverse. 2.The first American cultures were incredibly advanced. 1. Be able to explain the two main theories of how humans came to the Americas. 2. Be able to define Beringia.  30,000 years ago 26,000-19,000 years ago 15,000 years ago 1. Be able to explain why the first Americans came. 2. Be able to explain the significance of the wooly mammoth. 3. Be able to define nomad. 1. Be able to define agricultural revolution and maize. 2. Be able to explain the significance of the terms above. Olmec 1200 – 400 BCE Adena & Hopewell 500 BCE - CE 400 Anasazi & Hohokam 300 BCE – CE 1400 Maya 200 – 900 Mississippian 600 - 1500 Aztec 1200 - 1550  Old World vs. New World 1. Be able to define Old World and New World. 2. Be able to compare the Old and New Worlds in terms of: Development of agriculture Population density Urban vs rural living 1. Be able to define Mesoamerica. 2. Be able to identify the three main Mesoamerican empires. The Olmec Civilization 1200 BCE – 400 BCE The Olmec Civilization 1200 BCE – 400 BCE The Mayan Civilization 250 – 1500 CE  The Mayan Civilization 250 – 1500 CE Chichen Itza  The Aztec Civilization 1400 – 1521 CE Pyramid of the Sun Teotihuacan The Aztec Civilization 1400 – 1521 CE Tenochtitlan  The Inca Civilization 1400 – 1533 CE The Sacred Valley of the Inca The Inca Civilization 1400 – 1533 CE Machu Picchu  Hohokam & Anasazi The Desert Farmers The Anasazi Civilization 100 - 1600 CE The Cliff Palace The Hohokam Civilization 200 - 1400 CE The Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian The Mound Builders The Adena Civilization 800 BCE – 100 CE The Great Serpent Mound The Hopewell Civilization 200 BCE – 500 CE Hopewell Religious Mounds The Mississippian Civilization 800 – 1540 CE Mississippian Mound The Mississippian Civilization 800 – 1540 CE Cahokia At it’s peak in the 13th century, Cahokia had a population equal to or possibly even exceeding London. It was the largest city in North American history until it was surpassed by Philadelphia in the 1780s. Native American Cultural Areas in the 1490s CHAPTER 1, SECTION 2 Beginnings of Complex Society The development of ___________________ is one of the main reasons that the first complex societies came into existence in the Americas. Native American societies developed around their natural environments, using the resources that were available to them. Geography played a critical role in their cultural development. ◦ In the American Southwest and Great Plains, they had to adapt to a dry climate. ◦ In the American Northwest, Pacific Ocean fishing was a critical component of life. ◦ In the American Southeast, huge settlements emerged around farming (corn, beans, squash) centers. Trading Networks Trade was one of the biggest factors in bring Native American peoples into contact with one another. These elaborate networks of trade enable groups to trade with one another without direct contact. Trade encouraged the exchange of many goods, foods, and, perhaps most importantly, culture. Some regions, especially those in the east, had more trade routes than others due to their higher population densities. Land Use Land was the source of life. Despite trading many things, Native American cultures did not believe that land was something that could be divided up, owned, bought, or sold by individuals. Land was viewed as something to be used by the entire community Land was only disturbed for important activities, like gathering food and farming Religious Beliefs While the Native Americans practiced a variety of religions, there tended to be a few commonalities found throughout: ◦ The natural world is filled with spirits ◦ Past generations guide the living ◦ Every object has a spirit ◦ Spirits come in dreams and visions to provide guidance ◦ Nature tended to play a major role in practically all Native American religions Religious Beliefs Social Organization The Importance of Family Basic unit of organization among all Native American groups was the family. Some tribes further organized families into clans Families participated in community decision-making Social Organization Kinship Strong ties among family members Division of Labor The assignment of specific tasks according to status, gender, age, etc. West African Societies in the 1490s CHAPTER 1, SECTION 3 Connections to the Wider World Geographically isolated from Europe and Asia, but was connected to the wider world through trade. Cities developed at the crossroads of these trade routes and became quite rich and powerful. People of West Africa & Europe knew little of each other… …until the Portuguese arrived in the 1470s.  Portuguese Arrival The Portuguese made trading contracts along the western coast of Africa. By the 1470s, Portuguese trading posts were established near present day Ghana. What was the most lucrative product to be traded? Gold Elmina Castle off the coast of Ghana protected the Portuguese gold trade By the 1480s, the Portuguese had populated the previously uninhabited islands of Cape Verde and Sao Tome & Principe. Weather conditions on the islands, combined with the fertile soil, led to the growing of sugarcane as a cash crop. The amount of labor required to harvest sugarcane resulted in the development of the plantation system and the use of slave labor. West African slaves working a Portuguese sugarcane plantation in Sao Tome Consequences of the Portuguese establishing trading Many coastal societies began to grow in posts on the West African coast wealth and power & the trading power of Saharan regions began to gradually decline. Portuguese began trade in West African slaves. The Portuguese began the West African Slave trade, which later expands into the Americas. Three Main African Kingdoms West Africa was dominated by three main kingdoms: 1. Songhai 2. Benin 3. Kongo Songhai Gained power by controlling trade along the Sahara Highway Known for its military strength and prowess in battle Built large cities (like Timbuktu) and had complex governing systems Supported the arts and education At its height was the largest and most powerful of the African kingdoms Benin Lived in the forested regions of Africa, which provided protection from conquest The forest regions also limited their access to trade routes Known for its metalworking (gold, brass, bronze) Highly organized governing systems with the kingdom being divided into districts lead by appointed officials Kongo Lived in the rain forests of West Central Africa This region consisted of a series of small kingdoms united under a single leader called the Manikongo The leader could be either male or female Its governing system resembled those of Europe – a collection of provinces that owed allegiance (and taxes) to a single leader Mined iron ore and produced iron weapons Shared West African Culture In the late 1400s, the world of most West Africans was a local one. Common patterns in family, community, and tradition would shape future interactions between Africans and Europeans.  Family and Government ◦Lineage formed the basis of most aspects of life in rural West Africa. Deep family loyalty High regard for ancestry Intense bonds of kinship Often were matrilineal Individualism was widely disdained ◦Social Hierarchy Kings Nobles / Elders Commoners Slaves* West African Traditional Religions ◦Tended to believe in one Supreme Creator, sometimes with lesser deities connected to natural forces ◦Worshipped ancestors ◦Believed in a spirit world Livelihood How did people support West Africans used division themselves? of labor, with the lowest rung ◦ Farming, herding, hunting, of society being the slave. fishing, mining, and trading ◦ People were not born into Most groups believed in slavery collective ownership of land. ◦ Slavery did not always mean a lifetime of servitude Slavery in West African Society ◦Slavery was a normal condition in West Africa ◦Slaves were usually prisoners of war ◦Slaves were usually not considered property ◦Served as field hands & domestic servants, but also as craftsmen and soldiers ◦Slaves retained many rights – including restrictions on sale and treatment ◦Usually was not an inherited condition and almost always had opportunities for reversal European Society in the 1490s CHAPTER 1, SECTION 4 European Nations of Focus 1.England 2.Spain 3.France 4.Portugal 5.Netherlands  European Societies Around 1492 The Social Hierarchy Communities are organized according to social hierarchy or rank Monarchs, nobles have wealth, power; at top of hierarchy Artisans, merchants have social mobility Majority are peasants, at bottom of hierarchy The Family in Society Life centers on nuclear family—parents and their children Men do field work, herd; women do child care, house work, field work Christianity Shapes the European Outlook Religion Roman Catholic Church dominates; pope, bishops make decisions Missionary call spurred Europe to reach out beyond its borders to defend and then spread faith. Crusading Christianity Crusades—Christian military expeditions to take Holy Land, 1096–1270 two consequences that fueled European exploration and expansion: Sparked an increase in trade Weakened the power of European nobles & pope Reformation Outrages over corruption in the church led Martin Luther and others to lead the charge for Christians to break away from the Catholic Church The Protestant Reformation lead to a schism within Western Christianity. The church became divided in Europe between Catholicism and Protestantism This created great rivalries between many European nations  Changes Come to Europe The Rise of Nations Monarchs collect new taxes, raise armies, maintain bureaucracies Merchants accept taxes in exchange for protection & increased trade routes with access to foreign markets Monarchs finance overseas exploration The Renaissance Renaissance starts in Italy—interest in world, human achievement Investigate physical world; study arts, classics  Europe Enters a New Age of Expansion Overland Travel to Asia Expense, danger of journeys lead to search for alternative route Sailing Technology Navigating instruments like the compass and astrolabe, new sailing technology promote exploration Portugal Takes the Lead Prince Henry of Portugal called “Henry the Navigator” finances a sailing school to teach newest sailing techniques; sends ships to explore west coast of Africa Traders eventually sail around Africa via Indian Ocean; effectively bypassing middle men & increasing profit Astrolabe  Three Worlds: PERSIA  At this point, you should be able to compare and contrast Native American, West African, and European cultures, especially along the PERSIA categories. ❑ Politics & Government ❑ Economics ❑ Religion ❑ Society ❑ Intellect ❑ Arts Transatlantic Encounters Chapter 1, Section 5 Christopher Columbus Born in Genoa, Italy In 1492 he was granted permission by the King and Queen of Spain to attempt to find a new route to Asia.  Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria Columbus Crosses the Atlantic On August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail from a Spanish port with three ships. On October 12, 1492, his crew spotted land. They mistakenly believed they had reached Asia, so they called the people they met Indians.  European Motivations for Exploration 1. Spread Christianity 2. Find material wealth 3. Claim lands for the mother country **God, Gold, and Glory**  Problems…  The Spanish, first with Columbus and then with others, would occupy the Caribbean and then most of the Americas for the next century and more.  They imposed their will on the Native Americans who lived there, beginning a cultural clash that would continue for the next 5 centuries. “They willingly traded everything they owned… They were well-built, with good bodies and handsome features… They would make fine servants. With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.” – Christopher Columbus  The Impact on Native Americans Colonization:  The establishment of distant settlements controlled by the parent country  European methods of colonization often included the use of plantation colonies.  The primary cash crop in the Caribbean was sugarcane.  A cash crop is a crop produced for its trade & economic value rather than for use by the grower.  Native American labor was used at first, but imported West African labor would eventually dominate. African slaves work on a sugar plantation (1596), Theodor de Bry  The Europeans learned three important lessons from establishing plantation colonies: 1) The advantages of a plantation system 2) Economic benefits of forced labor 3) How to use European weapons to dominate a people with less sophisticated weapons  Disease Ravages Native Americans  European settlers brought many diseases for which the Native Americans had no immunity:  Measles, mumps, smallpox, chicken pox, typhus  By 1508, less than 100,000 of Hispaniola’s residents survived (originally about 300,000).  60 years later, only 2 villages remained  Illnesses soon spread to the rest of the Americas Disease was the cause of most Native American deaths The Slave Trade Begins As European diseases ravaged the native work force, Europeans began relying on the importation of enslaved Africans. As demand for African slaves grew, the value of slaves grew, and the more expensive slaves became, leading to more and more Europeans joining in on the slave trade.  Columbian Exchange 1. People 3. Animals Thousands of Europeans began crossing the Atlantic in what became one of the biggest voluntary migrations in history. The Columbian Exchange  Global transfer of living things between Eastern & Western Hemispheres. 2. Plants 4. Diseases  National Rivalries  Overseas expansion inflamed European rivalries, particularly between Spain and Portugal. Why?  In 1494, Pope Alexander VI stepped in to avoid a war between the two nations with the Treaty of Tordesillas:  The Western Hemisphere was divided by an imaginary vertical line in the Atlantic  Lands to the west (most of the Americas) went to Spain  Lands to the east (including Brazil) went to Portugal Treaty of Tordesillas