HD Chemistry 1-1 Ch 1 PDF

Welcome to the World of HD Chemistry 1-1 Ch 1  Attention Students: The Powerpoint files used in this class will be a combination of slides provided by the textbook AND slides created by Mrs. Black and Mrs. Floyd. This Powerpoint covers Ch 1 sections 1,2,3,&5....

Welcome to the World of HD Chemistry 1-1 Ch 1  Attention Students: The Powerpoint files used in this class will be a combination of slides provided by the textbook AND slides created by Mrs. Black and Mrs. Floyd. This Powerpoint covers Ch 1 sections 1,2,3,&5. You should read through each slide and make sure you understand the material covered. We will highlight a FEW slides in a video presentation, but you should carefully read this entire presentation and learn the content. Ch 1 Learning Objectives: 1. Define CHEMISTRY and basic terms. 2. Describe the FIVE major branches of chemistry. 3. Describe the purpose of the scientific method. 4. Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative observations 5. Describe the differences between hypotheses, theories, and laws. 6..  What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the science that tries to understand how matter behaves by studying how atoms and molecules behave. A more detailed definition: The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes. Virtually everything around you is composed of chemicals. What are chemicals? Chemicals are any substance that has a definite composition. Look around—do you know the chemical composition of the matter around you?  Atoms and Molecules in Matter All things are made of atoms. Atoms are very small. Atoms and molecules are tiny particles that compose all common matter. The atoms are bound together to form several different types of molecules. Chemical bonds are the attachments that hold atoms together.  Example: Water Molecules A molecule is 2 or more atoms bonded together. One water molecule consists of three atoms—one oxygen and two hydrogens—bonded together, and the water molecule is bent. The characteristics of water molecules make water a liquid at room temperature.  Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things There is nothing you can hold or touch that is not made of chemicals. Chemicals make up virtually everything we come into contact with. Do you know what each of these items are made of?  Chemicals Compose Ordinary People often haveThings a very narrow view of chemicals, thinking of them only as dangerous poisons or pollutants.  Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things Chemicals compose ordinary things, too. The air we breathe The water we drink Toothpaste, Tylenol, toilet paper  Chemicals Compose Ordinary Chemistry Things explains the properties and behavior of chemicals by helping us understand the molecules that compose them.  Basic terms in chemistry: Mass: A measure of the amount of matter in an object. Measured in lab with a balance. Measured in grams or kilograms. Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space. Can you think of some things that are not matter? Atom: The smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element. Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances. Elements are made of only one type of atom. Elements are represented by a chemical symbol. Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together. Compound: Two or more different elements chemically bonded together to form a new substance.  Branches of Chemistry Five major areas of study for specialization Many diverse career opportunities Chemistry is also used in many other careers  1. Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of matter that contains carbon Organic chemists study the structure, function, synthesis, and identity of carbon compounds Useful in petroleum industry, pharmaceuticals, polymers  2. Inorganic Chemistry Inorganic chemistry is the study of matter that does NOT contain carbon Inorganic chemists study the structure, function, synthesis, and identity of non-carbon compounds Polymers, Metallurgy  3. Biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of chemistry in living things Cross between biology and chemistry Pharmaceutical s and genetics  4. Physical Chemistry Physical chemistry is HONK if you passed p- the physics of chem! chemistry… the forces of matter Much of p-chem is computational Develop theoretical ideas for new  5. Analytical Chemistry Analytical chemistry is the study of high precision measurement Find composition and identity of chemicals Forensics, quality control, medical tests  Self Quiz—Which Branch? Study how energy used for the contraction of muscles is produced and stored Biochemistry Study factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis in trees Physical Develop metal materials that provide strong structural parts for buildings Inorganic Test air for presence and quantity of pollutants Analytical Develop new light weight plastics for Frisbees Organic  The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think Chemists use the scientific method—a way of learning that emphasizes observation and experimentation—to produce knowledge as the result of the senses. The scientific method is a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that are supported by data. The Scientific Method: Overview  The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think Knowledge as a Result of the Senses: Observations involve measuring or observing some aspect of nature. Hypotheses are tentative interpretations of the observations. A proposed explanation/educated guess. Laws summarize the results of a large number of observations. A law states the behavior/observation but does not have to explain it. Theories are models that explain and give the underlying causes for observations and laws. A theory is a proposed explanation of the observation supported by much experimental evidence.  The Scientific Method: Observation Some observations can be made with the naked eye. Other observations emerge from experiments that rely on the use of sensitive instrumentation. Observation usually involves the measurement or description of some aspect of the physical world.  Observing and Collecting Data Observing is the use of the senses to obtain information. Information/data may be qualitative (descriptive) quantitative (numerical) A system is a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for study during an experiment or observation.  Qualitative vs. Quantitative “Quality versus quantity” A qualitative A quantitative measurement is a measurement is based non-numerical on a numerical value description based on made from characteristics such measurements. as color, smell, shape. Example: The Example: The chemical reaction chemical reaction occurred in one occurred at a fast rate. minute.  Chapter 2 Qualitative and Quantitative Data Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept https:// my.hrw.com/hssc_2012/hmd_na_chem/nsmedia/visualconcepts/75502. htm Follow this link (allow Flash player to run) to watch a narrated explanation of qualitative vs. quantitative observations.  The Scientific Method: Hypothesis Observations lead scientists to formulate a hypothesis, a tentative interpretation or explanation of the observations. A good hypothesis is falsifiable, which means that further testing has the potential to prove it wrong. Hypotheses are tested by experiments, highly controlled observations designed to validate or invalidate hypotheses. The results of an experiment may confirm a hypothesis or show it to be mistaken in some way. The hypothesis may have to be modified or discarded and replaced by an alternative. The new or revised hypothesis must also be tested  The Scientific Method: Experiments Hypotheses, laws, and theories must be tested and validated by experiment. If hypotheses are not confirmed, they are revised and tested through further experimentation. Over time, poor theories are eliminated and good theories—those consistent with experiments—remain.  Observation of Combustion Experiments Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794), a French chemist, made an observation about the physical world. Lavoisier measured the property of mass in the process of combustion. Combustion means burning. Mass of an object is a measure of the quantity of matter within it.  Lavoisier burned substances in closed containers.  He measured the mass of each container and its contents before and after burning the substance inside.  He noted that there was no change in the mass during combustion.  Law of Conservation of Mass A number of similar observations lead to the development of a scientific law, a brief statement that synthesizes past observations and predicts future ones. Lavoisier developed the law of conservation of mass, which states, “In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed.”  The Scientific Method: Scientific Theory One or more well-established hypotheses may form the basis for a scientific theory. Theories provide a broader and deeper explanation for observations and laws. Theories are models of the way nature is. Theories often predict behavior that extends well beyond the observations and laws on which they are founded.  The Scientific Method: Scientific Theories Established theories with strong experimental support are the most powerful pieces of scientific knowledge. People unfamiliar with science sometimes say, “That is just a theory,” as if theories were mere speculations. Well-tested theories are as close to truth as we get in science.  Self Quiz: The Scientific Method: Observation, Law, Theoryas an Classify each statement observation, a law, or a theory. (a)When a metal is burned in a closed container, the mass of the container and its contents does not change. (b) Matter is made of atoms. (c) Matter is conserved in chemical reactions. (d) When wood is burned in a closed container, its mass does not change.  Self Quiz: The Scientific Method: Observation, Law, Theory as an Classify each statement observation, a law, or a theory. (a)When a metal is burned in a closed container, the mass of the container and its contents does not change. OBSERVATION (b) Matter is made of atoms. THEORY (c) Matter is conserved in chemical reactions. LAW (d) When wood is burned in a closed container, its mass does not change.  Example: using the Scientific Method to develop a theory The atomic theory of John Dalton (1766– 1844) Dalton explained the law of conservation of mass by proposing that all matter was composed of small, indestructible particles called atoms. Dalton’s theory was a model of the physical world—it went beyond the laws and observations of the time to explain these laws and observations.  The Scientific Method: Atomic The idea that allTheory matter is made of atoms is a theory with two hundred years of experimental evidence to support it. Modern technology provides recent images, such as this one, of atoms themselves. This image shows the Kanji characters for “atom” written with individual iron atoms on  Chapter 1 in Review Matter and Molecules: Chemistry is the science that tries to understand what matter does by understanding what molecules do. The Scientific Method: Chemists employ the scientific method, which makes use of observations, hypotheses, laws, theories, and experiments. Analyzing and Interpreting Data: A series of measurements are referred to as data. Scientific data can be graphed to see relationships.  A Note About the Text Questions: Answers to all questions numbered in blue appear in the Answers section at the back of the book. Problems: The exercises in the Problems section are paired, and the answers to the odd-numbered exercises (numbered in blue) appear in the Answers section at the back of the book.  Chemistry Requires Calculation Quantification involves measurement as part of observation— it is one of the most important tools in science. Quantification allows you to specify the difference precisely. For example, two samples of water may feel equally hot to your hand, but when you measure their temperatures, you may find that one is 40 °C and the other is 44 °C.  A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed Chemistry requires curiosity and imagination. You must want to know the why of things.  Chemistry Requires You must Commitment do your work regularly and carefully. If you do, you will succeed. You will be rewarded by seeing a whole new world—the world of molecules and atoms.  Success as a Beginning Chemist You must be curious and imaginative. You must be willing to do calculations. You must be committed to learning the material. Do your homework. Ask for help when you need assistance! EVERYTHING in this class builds on the previous material, so DON’T GET BEHIND!