CHEM 231 - Inorganic Chemistry Lecture 2 - PDF

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United Arab Emirates University

Dr. Mohamed Ahmed

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inorganic chemistry metallic solids ionic solids chemistry lecture notes

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These lecture notes cover structures and energetics of metallic and ionic solids, a key topic in inorganic chemistry. The lecture is part of CHEM 231, and presented by Dr. Mohamed Ahmed at the UAE University.

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‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫‪CHEM 231‬اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳ ﺔ ‪3.0‬‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺪة‬ ‫‪1،‬ﺳﺎﻋ ﺔ ﻣﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟ ﺴﺎدس‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮة‬...

‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫‪CHEM 231‬اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳ ﺔ ‪3.0‬‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺪة‬ ‫‪1،‬ﺳﺎﻋ ﺔ ﻣﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟ ﺴﺎدس‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ أﺣﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﻘ ﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ اﻹﻣﺎرا ت اﻟﻌﺮ‬‫ﺘﺎذ ﻣ ﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫أﺳ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴ ﺔ واﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ وﻃﺎﻗﺎ ت اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠ‬ ‫‪6.1‬اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺮا ت‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬‫‪6.2‬‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫‪6.1‬اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮرﻳ ﺔ ذا ت‬‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرا ت أو اﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎ ت و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﺻﻔﻮﻓﺎ ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺒﺎ ت اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴ ﺔ واﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ‪،‬ﺗﻤ‬ ‫ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﺼﻠ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ إﱃ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻤﻴﺰة‬‫ﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛ‬‫ﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺘﺮا‬ ‫ﺘﻼﻓﺎ ت ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدي اﻻﺧ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﻴ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺷ‬ ‫ﺒﻠﻮرة‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻄ ﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻴ ﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺮوﻧﺎ ت اﻟﺮا‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ‪.‬ﺗﻜﻮن اﻹﻟﻜ‬‫ﺑﻄ ﺔﺗ ﺴﺎ ﻫﻤﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ ‪.‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‪،‬ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺮا‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻧﻮاع‬‫ﺗﻴﻜﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼ ت اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﺳ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻄ ﺔ اﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﺼﻠ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺮا‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺋ ﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟ ﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي إﱃ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻂ‪ :‬ﻣ ﺴﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺑﻊ ﻣﺨ‬ ‫ﺑﻄ ﺔ ذا ت ﻃﺎ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ اﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻫ ﻲ ﻋﻮازل‪.‬را‬ ‫ﺜﻞ ﻣﻠﺢ اﻟﺼﺨﻮر ‪Cl-in.‬و ‪Na+‬اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺤﻮﻧ ﺔ )اﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎ ت(‪ ،‬ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ ﺴﺎ ﻫﻤﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ ﺴﺎ ﻫﻤﻴ ﺔ"‪.‬واﻟﺮا‬ ‫ﺑﻄ ﺔ "اﻟ‬ ‫أﻳﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺮا‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ‪.‬‬‫ﺒﺎ ت اﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺮا ت "اﻟﺬرا ت اﻟﻜﺮوﻳ ﺔ"‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬‫‪6.2‬‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ واﻟ ﺴﺪاﺳﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻌ‬ ‫ﺘﻌ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻄﻴ ﺔ أرﺿﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺪوق‬ ‫ﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءة ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎر ب‪ ،‬ﻫ ﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ اﻷﻛ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣ‬‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌ‬‫ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺣ ﺔ ﺣﻴ ﺚﻳ‬ ‫ﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءة ﻟﻠﻤ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﻛ‬ ‫)اﻻﺳ‬ ‫‪74%‬‬ ‫ﺘ ﺔ ﻛﺮا ت أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﺴ‬‫ﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻋﲆ ا‬ ‫ﺘ ﻲ ﻻﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﲆ ﺣﻮاف اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻜﺮا ت اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﻘ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫داﺧﻞ ﻧﻔ ﺲ اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺴﺪس‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺮا ت "اﻟﺬرا ت اﻟﻜﺮوﻳ ﺔ"‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬‫‪6.2‬‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﺜﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻘ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ واﻟ ﺴﺪاﺳﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘ ﺔ ‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻌ‬ ‫ﺘﻌ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ‪،‬ﺳﻮف ﻧﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻘ ﺔ ب‪،‬ﻳﻘﻊ أﺣﺪ ﻫﺎ ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ إﺿﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﻄ‬‫ﺘﺠﺎوﻳﻒ‬ ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﻘ ﺔ أ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎوﻳﻒ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﺛ ﺔﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻮق اﻟ‬ ‫ﺛﻼ‬‫ﺒﻘ ﺔ أ و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮة اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﺒﻘ ﺔ أ‬ ‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﺒﻘ ﺔ أ ب‬ ‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﺒﻘ ﺔ ‪ABC‬‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺮرة‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎءﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﺎ ت ﻣ‬‫ﺒﻘﺎ ت ‪،‬ﺳﻨﻘﻮم‬ ‫‪ABA‬‬ ‫‪3 ABA‬ﻃ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧ ﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﻘأوﺔ ‪ABA.‬‬ ‫‪ABC‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻄ‬ ‫‪ABC ABC‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺒﻘ ﺔ أ ب‬ ‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﺒﻘ ﺔ ‪ABA‬‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺮا ت "اﻟﺬرا ت اﻟﻜﺮوﻳ ﺔ"‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬‫‪6.2‬‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘ ﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞﺳﺪاﺳ ﻲ وﻣﻜﻌ ﺐ‬ ‫ﺘﻌ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘ ﺔ )‪(hcp‬‬ ‫ﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻌ‬ ‫ﺴﺪا‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺌ‬ ‫ﺘﻌ‬ ‫ﺘﻌ‬‫اﻟاﻟ‬ ‫)‪(ccp‬‬ ‫ﺘﻮاﻟ ﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴ ﺔ ‪(ccp)،‬ﻋﲆ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻀﻴﻘ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻌ‬ ‫ﺘﻌ‬‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻀﻴﻘ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﺪاﺳﻴ ﺔ )‪(hcp‬واﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻌ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ ‪ABABAB...‬و ‪ABCABC...‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌ‬‫ﺒﺎ ت اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻴ‬‫ﺗ ﺴﻤﻰﺗﺮ‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫ﺛ ﻲ ‪12،‬أو أن‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻣ ﺲ( ‪12‬ﻛﺮة أﺧﺮى وﻳﻘﺎل أن ﻟﻬﺎ ‪12‬ﺟﺎ ًرا أﻗﺮ ب‪ ،‬أو أن ﻟﻬﺎ رﻗﻢ إﺣﺪا‬ ‫ﺑـ )‬‫‪o‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬أي ﻛﺮة ﻣﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻃ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺛ ًﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ ‪12‬إﺣﺪا‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺮا ت "اﻟﺬرا ت اﻟﻜﺮوﻳ ﺔ"‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬‫‪6.2‬‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪوﻳ ﺔ‪:‬ﺳﺪاﺳﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ وﻣﻜﻌ‬ ‫ﺘ ﻲﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ ت اﻟﻼزﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻴ ﺔ واﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺮرة ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ‪.‬ﻓﻬ ﻲ أﺻﻐﺮ وﺣﺪة ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎ أﺳﺎﺳ ًﻴﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﺼﻠ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﺒﺮ اﻟﺨﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪوﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺲ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻻ ﻟ‬‫ﺒﻜ ﺔ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎء ﺷ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫‪ccp‬أو ‪fcc‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦﺗ ﺴﻠ ﺴﻞ‬‫ﺑ ﺴﻬﻮﻟ ﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻌﺮف‬ ‫‪(fcc).‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ ذا ت اﻟﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻌ‬ ‫ﺘﻌ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘ ﺔ أ ً‬ ‫ﻳﻀﺎ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻌ‬ ‫ﺘﻌ‬‫ُﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﲆ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫‪ABA.‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌ ﺐ رؤﻳ ﺔﺗ ﺴﻠ ﺴﻞ ‪ABCABC‬داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺛﻼ ث ﻃ‬‫ﺘﻜﻮن ‪hcp‬ﻣﻦ أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫‪ABABAB‬وﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ؛ ‪hcp‬‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺎ ت اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘ ﺔ ﻟﻴ ﺴ ﺖ ﻣﻮازﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺪة وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﲆ ﻃﻮل ﻗﻄﺮ ﺟ ﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻜﻌ ﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪ccp‬ﻷن اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬‫ﺗ ﺶﺳ ﻲ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺮا ت "اﻟﺬرا ت اﻟﻜﺮوﻳ ﺔ"‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬‫‪6.2‬‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪوﻳ ﺔ‪:‬ﺳﺪاﺳﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ وﻣﻜﻌ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋ ﻲ اﻟ ﺴﻄﻮح‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺎﻧ ﻲ اﻟ ﺴﻄﻮح ور‬‫ﺘﻮي اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﺪﺳ ﺔ ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺜﻘﻮ ب )اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ(‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺜﻘﻮ ب‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺎﻧ ﻲ اﻟ ﺴﻄﻮح ﻓ ﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺮة‪ ،‬وﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﺪد اﻟ‬‫ﺛﻘ ﺐ‬‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺎﻧ ﻲ اﻟ ﺴﻄﻮح ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣﻀﻐﻮﻃ ﺔ‬‫ﺜﻘﻮ ب‬ ‫ﺜﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﻮح ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﻮح‪.‬‬ ‫ﺜﻘﻮ ب ر‬ ‫ﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺎﻧ ﻲ اﻟ ﺴﻄﻮح أﻛ‬‫ﺜﻘﻮ ب‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺣﻜﺎم ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺮا ت "اﻟﺬرا ت اﻟﻜﺮوﻳ ﺔ"‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬‫‪6.2‬‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫وﺟﺪ أن ‪74%‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑ ﺴﻴﻄ ﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳ ﺔ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻢ ﻣﻜﻌ‬‫ﺿﺪﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺑ ﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎ ت ﻣﻜﻌ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎر‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺋﻤﺎﺗﻘﺎر ب‬ ‫ﺘﻢ دا ً‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎر ب ‪.‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴ ﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻻﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﻴ ﺐ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﺮ‬‫ﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻤ ﺴﺎﺣ ﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎ تﺗ ﺴ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺴﻴﻂ‪ :‬ﻛﻞ ﻛﺮة ﻟﻬﺎ رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﻌ ﺐ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎر‬ ‫ﺒﺎ ت اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺗﻴ‬‫ﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ‬‫اﻟﻜﺮا ت‬ ‫ﺗﻨ ﺴﻴﻖ ‪6.‬‬ ‫ﺑ ﺴﻴﻂ‬‫ﻣﻜﻌ ﺐ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺾ ﻗﻠﻴ ﻼً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻛﺮة أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟ‬‫ﺒ ﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎﻧ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻌ‬ ‫إذاﺗﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻜﺮا ت اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻴ ﺐ اﻟﻤﻜﻌ ﺐ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي ﻟﻠﺠ ﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﺮ‬‫ﺘﻴﺠ ﺔ ﻫ ﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺤ ﺔ‪.‬واﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺎم داﺧﻞ اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﲆ اﻻﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﻜ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻌ ﺐ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي ﻫﻮ ‪8.‬‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺎ ت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﺮة ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ‬ ‫‪(bcc).‬رﻗﻢ اﻹﺣﺪا‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻌ ﺐ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺠ ﺴﻢ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺒﺌ ﺔ واﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻌ‬‫ﺜﺎل ﻋﻤﻠ ﻲ‪ :‬ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺴﻴﻄ ﺔ‪) ،‬أ(ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﺮة واﺣﺪة ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ وﺣﺪة‪ ،‬و ) ب(ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﻮاﻟ ﻲ ‪52٪‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﻜ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻌ‬ ‫أﻇﻬﺮ أﻧﻪ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺨﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‪.‬‬

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