General Biology Module 3 (Cell Cycle and Cell Division) PDF

General Biology 1 3 “Cell Cycle and Cell Division” MR. CLEARED LUYA  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION Identify and differentiate the phases of the cell cycle and their control points discuss and de...

General Biology 1 3 “Cell Cycle and Cell Division” MR. CLEARED LUYA  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION Identify and differentiate the phases of the cell cycle and their control points discuss and demonstrate crossing over and recombination in meiosis explain the significance and applications of mitosis and meiosis construct a diagram of the various stages of mitosis and meiosis identify disorders and diseases that result from malfunctions in the cell during the cell cycle  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 To the stages occurring within the life cycle of plants, animals and man, one can distinguish a distinct sequence including the adult individual stage, meiosis and gamete formation, fusion of male and female gamete or fertilization, formation of a zygote and subsequencely young organism, and then again adult individual. During this cycle an alternation of generation occurs, from diploid (indicated as "2n"; diploid derived from the Greek word diplous = double) to haploid (1n; from haplous = single) to diploid again. NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY Cell Cycle The cell cycle is an ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells. NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY Interphase During interphase, the cell undergoes normal growth processes while also preparing for cell division. In order for a cell to move from interphase into the mitotic phase, many internal and external conditions must be met. Stages of Interphase: G1 phase. Metabolic changes prepare the cell for division. S phase. DNA synthesis replicates the genetic material. Each chromosome now consists of two sister chromatids. G2 phase. Metabolic changes assemble the cytoplasmic materials necessary for mitosis and cytokinesis.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY Cell Division Cell Division involves the distribution of identical genetic material or DNA to two daughter cells. What is most remarkable is the fidelity with which the DNA is passed along, without dilution or error, from one generation to the next. Cell Division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair. Types of Cell Division Mitosis: process during which the duplicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into two new, identical daughter cells. Meiosis: cell division that produces haploid sex cells or gametes (which contain a single copy of each chromosome) from diploid cells (which contain two copies of each chromosome). NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY Mitosis NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY Mitosis NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY Meiosis NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY Meiosis  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY Cytokinesis The final cellular division to form two new cells. In plants a cell plate forms along the line of the metaphase plate; in animals there is a constriction of the cytoplasm. The cell then enters interphase - the interval between mitotic divisions. NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY Comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY Cell Cycle Checkpoint  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY Apoptosis Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death, or “cellular suicide.” It is different from necrosis, in which cells die due to injury. Apoptosis is an orderly process in which the cell’s contents are packaged into small packets of membrane for “garbage collection” by immune cells. Apoptosis removes cells during development, eliminates potentially cancerous and virus-infected cells, and maintains balance in the body.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY Errors in Cell Division 1.Incorrect DNA Copy: Incorrectly paired nucleotides cause deformities in the secondary structure of the final DNA molecule. During mismatch repair, enzymes recognize and fix these deformities by removing the incorrectly paired nucleotide and replacing it with the correct nucleotide. 2.Chromosomes are attached to string-like spindles and begin to move to the middle of the cell: Down Syndrome, Alzheimer’s, and Leukemia 3.Aneuploidy: Aneuploidy is the presence of chromosome number that is different from the simple multiple of the basic chromosome number. An organism which contains one or more incomplete chromosome sets is known as aneuploid. Aneuploidy can be either due to loss of one or more chromosomes (hypo-ploidy) or due to addition of one or more chromosomes to complete chromosome complement (hyper-ploidy). NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY Errors in Cell Division NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY Errors in Cell Division  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY ACTIVITY NO. 3 Write a 300-words essay on the possible effects of errors in cell division in relation to normal body functions. NO. 3 General Biology  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 1. __________ is an ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 2. __________ is the process during which the duplicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into two new, identical daughter cells.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 3. __________ is the cell division that produces haploid sex cells or gametes (which contain a single copy of each chromosome) from diploid cells (which contain two copies of each chromosome).  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 4. __________ involves the distribution of identical genetic material or DNA to two daughter cells.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 5 – 7. Stages of Interphase  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 8. __________ is a form of programmed cell death, or “cellular suicide.”  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 9. During mismatch repair, enzymes recognize and fix these deformities by removing the incorrectly paired nucleotide and replacing it with the correct nucleotide this is called __________.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 10. Trisomy (3 copies) of Chromosomes 21 is considered as __________.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 11. __________ is a lipid made of glycerol, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate-linked head group.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 12. __________ may extend partway into the plasma membrane, cross the membrane entirely, or be loosely attached to its inside or outside face.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 13. __________ occurs when 1. substances cross the plasma membrane without any input of energy from the cell.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 10. Trisomy (3 copies) of Chromosomes 21 is considered as __________.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 10. Trisomy (3 copies) of Chromosomes 21 is considered as __________.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 10. Trisomy (3 copies) of Chromosomes 21 is considered as __________.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 10. Trisomy (3 copies) of Chromosomes 21 is considered as __________.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 10. Trisomy (3 copies) of Chromosomes 21 is considered as __________.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 10. Trisomy (3 copies) of Chromosomes 21 is considered as __________.  NO. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY QUIZ NO. 2 10. Trisomy (3 copies) of Chromosomes 21 is considered as __________.