Evaluating Biomarkers for Early Heart Failure Detection (PDF)

REVIEW Diagnosis Evaluating Biomarkers as Tools for Early Detection and Prognosi...

REVIEW Diagnosis Evaluating Biomarkers as Tools for Early Detection and Prognosis of Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review Moza A Alzaabi ,1 Amin Abdelsalam ,2 Majid Alhammadi ,3 Hasan Bani Hani ,3 Ali Almheiri ,3 Nadya Al Matrooshi 1 and Khaled Al Zaman 1,3 1. Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart, Vascular & Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; 2. Department of Cardiology, Al Qassemi Hospital, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; 3. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Abstract There is a high prevalence of heart failure (HF) worldwide, which has significant consequences for healthcare costs, patient death and quality of life. Therefore, there has been much focus on finding and using biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognostication and therapy of HF. This overview of the research presents a thorough examination of the current state of HF biomarkers and their many uses. Their function in diagnosing HF, gauging its severity and monitoring its response to therapy are all discussed. Particularly promising in HF diagnosis and risk stratification are the cardiac-specific biomarkers, B-type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. Markers of oxidative stress, extracellular matrix, renal function, inflammation and cardiac peptides have shown promise in evaluating HF severity and prognosis. MicroRNAs and insulin- like growth factor are two emerging biomarkers that have shown potential in helping with HF diagnosis and prognosis. Keywords Biomarker, biomarkers, heart failure, prognosis Received: 12 November 2023 Accepted: 19 March 2024 Citation: Cardiac Failure Review 2024;10:e06. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15420/cfr.2023.24 Disclosure: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Correspondence: Khaled Al Zaman, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, PO Box 27272, United Arab Emirates. E: [email protected] Copyright: © The Author(s) 2024. This work is open access and is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. Users may copy, redistribute and make derivative works for non- commercial purposes, provided the original work is cited correctly. Heart failure (HF), a complex condition affecting the cardiovascular and the capacity to offer specific disease-related information to aid in the system, is the heart’s inability to pump and transport blood and oxygen diagnosis, risk stratification and management of HF.8 throughout the body. This leads to the metabolic needs of multiple organs needing to be met.1 HF is further classified according to the left ventricular Biomarkers, which serve as measurable indicators of physiological and ejection fraction. The classification is as follows: maintained (>50%), mid- pathological processes, have emerged as promising tools for early range (40–49%) and decreased levels (