Cells And Tissues PDF 03/09/2020

03/09/2020...

03/09/2020 Timeline Of The Discovery Of Cell Date Event 1665 Cell first observed Robert Hooke, an English scientist, discovered a honeycomb-like structure in a cork slice using a primitive compound microscope. He only saw cell walls as this was dead tissue. He coined the term "cell" for these individual compartments he saw. 1670 First living cells seen Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch biologist, looks at pond water with a microscope he made lenses for. 1683 Miniature animals Anton van Leeuwenhoek made several more discoveries on a microscopic level, CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND ITS eventually publishing a letter to the Royal Society in which he included detailed drawings of what he saw. Among these was the first protozoa and bacteria FUNCTIONS discovered. 1833 The center of the cell seen Robert Brown, an English botanist, discovered the nucleus in plant cells. 1838 Basic building blocks Matthias Jakob Schleiden, a German botanist, proposes that all plant tissues are composed of cells, and that cells are the basic building blocks of all plants. This statement was the first generalized statement about cells. Cell - basic structural and functional unit of all 1839 Cell theory living organisms. Theodor Schwann, a German botanist reached the conclusion that not only plants, but animal tissue as well is composed of cells. This ended debates that plants and animals were fundamentally different in structure. He also pulled together and organized previous statement on cells into one theory, which states: 1 - Cells are organisms and all organisms consist of one or more cells 2 - The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms Two basic cell types: 1840 Where does life come from 1. Prokaryotic cell Albrecht von Roelliker discoveres that sperm and eggs are also cells. 1845 Basic unit of life 2. Eukaryotic cell Carl Heinrich Braun reworks the cell theory, calling cells the basic unit of life. 1855 3rd part to the cell theory added Rudolf Virchow, a German physiologist/physician/pathologist added the 3rd part to the cell theory. The original is Greek, and states Omnis cellula e cellula. This translates as all cells develop only from existing cells. Virchow was also the first to propose that diseased cells come from healthy cells PHYSIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES THE CELLS ORGANISMS BACTERIA PROTIST, FUNGI 1. Irritability PLANTS, ANIMALS 2. Excitability ORGANELLES FEW OR NONE NUCLEUS, 3. Contractility mitochondria, ER 4. Absorption and secretion DNA CIRCULAR Chloroplast, 5. Excretion Linear/Circular 5. Respiration RNA and PROTEIN Synthesiezed in the RNA-nucleus 6. Growth and Reproduction same compartment Protein-cytoplasm 7. Organization CELL DIVISION BINARY FISSION MITOSIS/MEIOSIS 1  03/09/2020 3 Basic Parts of the Cell I. Cell Membrane - selectively permeable envelope that separates the 1. Cell Membrane cytoplasm from the external environment. 2. Cytoplasm - primarily made up of: 3. Nucleus A. Carbohydrates – mainly as oligosaccharides and glycolipids. - oligosaccharide component may form a superficial coat known as GLYCOCALYX that participates in cell adhesion and recognition. B. Fats – mainly exist in the cell membrane as phospholipids and cholesterol with some sphingolipids. C. Proteins - may act as channel proteins, carriers or receptors. - divided into two groups : 1. Integral proteins – extend throughout the membrane with ends exposed on its outer and/or inner surfaces. 2. Peripheral proteins – not within the bilayer but bound to inner or outer end of some of its integral protein. Selective Permeability  The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others  This permeability includes movement into and out of the cell Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.22 2  03/09/2020 Solutions and Transport TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN THE SELECTIVE PASSAGE OF PARTICLES INSIDE THE CELLS  Solution – homogeneous mixture of two or more components PASSIVE PROCESS  Solvent – dissolving medium - higher concentration to lower concentration  Solutes – components in smaller quantities within a solution A. Simple diffusion  Intracellular fluid – nucleoplasm and B. Osmosis cytosol C. Facilitated diffusion  Interstitial fluid – fluid on the exterior of D. Filtration the cell Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.21 Active Processes - movement of substances with or against the concentration gradient which requires the DIFFUSION expenditure of energy Energy source: Hydrolysis of ATP A. Exocytosis B. Endocytosis B1. Phagocytosis B2. Pinocytosis B3. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis 3  03/09/2020 II. Nucleus - control center of the cell - site of replication(DNA), transcription(RNA) and plays a role in translation (protein). - mainly made up of : A. Nuclear Envelope/ Membrane - 2 parallel membranes separated by perinuclear cisternae. - outer membrane is continuous with the membrane of rough ER. A. Membrane- Bound Organelles III. Cytoplasm 1. Mitochondria / Chondriosomes - the clear fluid portion is called cytosol - divided into an outer gel-like ectoplasm and - under the EM appears as a double layered an inner more liquefied endoplasm structure containing an outer and an inner layer thrown into infoldings called cristae – its primary function is to synthesize Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and is the source of energy of cells 4  03/09/2020 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum - lace-like network of delicate branching and anastomosing strands. - exists in two forms: a. rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(rER) b. smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(sER) 3. Golgi Apparatus - further processes, sorts and packages secretory products for transport to their final destination in the cell. Faces of Golgi Apparatus 1. cis face 2. trans face 4. Lysosomes - contain more than 30 hydrolytic enzymes that have acid pH and function as “digestive system” of the cell. a. Primary Lysosomes b. Secondary lysosomes c. Residual bodies 5  03/09/2020 5. Peroxisomes - resemble lysosomes structurally but are more spherical. OTHER DESCRIBED ORGANELLES 1. MELANOSOMES 2. SECRETORY GRANULES B. Non-Membrane-Bound Organelles 1. Ribosomes - consist of two unequal ribosomal subunits and rRNA INCLUSIONS: 1. glycogen 2. Lipid Cytoskeleton a. microfilaments – thinnest cytoskeletal components - contractile filaments 3. Pigments: b. intermediate filaments Exogenous - diameter is intermediate between microfilaments Endogenous and microtubules. Examples: 4. Crystals vimentin – found in fibroblast of connective tissue or mesenchymally-derived cells eg. Crystals of Reinke and Crystals of Charcot- desmin – muscles Bottcher keratin – epidermis of the skin neurofilaments – neurons GFAP(glial fibrillary acidic protein) – glial cells 6  03/09/2020 c. Microtubules 1. centrioles – cylindric group of 9 microtubule triplets in a pinwheel array. 2. Basal bodies – anchoring points for cilia and flagella DNA Replication 3. cilium/ cilia – cell surface evaginations covered by plasma membrane composed of 9 doublet microtubules 4. flagellum - usually one or two in a cell surface. Figure 3.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.32 7  03/09/2020 Events of Cell Division CELL CYCLE AND DIVISION  Mitosis  Division of the nucleus Chromosomes - are the structural units of genetic materials of the cell.  Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei Interphase :  Cytokinesis a. G1 phase – gap 1, follows telophase of mitosis.  Division of the cytoplasm b. S phase – synthesis phase  Begins when mitosis is near completion c. G2 phase – gap 2, final preparation for cell  Results in the formation of two daughter division occurs during this phase. cells Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.33 d. Mitosis – brief continuous process of cell division which is divided into 4 phases 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase Stages of Mitosis Figure 3.14; 1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.36a 8  03/09/2020 Stages of Mitosis Stages of Mitosis Structures Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 1.Nuclear Intact Disintegrating Disintegrated Disintegrated Reforming Membrane 2.Necleoli Visible Dispersed Invisible Invisible Invisible and darkly stained 3.Chromatids/ Randomly Condensed Aligned along Split at Aggregating Chromosomes coiled equatorial plate centromeres, at poles, threads migrating indistinct toward poles Invisible 4.Centromeres Invisible Visible as dark Visible as dark Split Invisible dots dots 5.Centrioles Visible Form spindles, Remain at Remain at Start migrate towards poles poles replication the poles Figure 3.14; 2 6.Spindle Not Being formed Attached to Visible between Disappear Fibers formed centromeres centrioles Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.36b Protein Synthesis Role of RNA  Gene  Transfer RNA (tRNA)  Proteins have many functions  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)  RNA is essential for protein synthesis  Messenger (mRNA) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.38 Protein Synthesis Transcription and Translation  Transcription  Translation Figure 3.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.40 9  03/09/2020 Types Of Cells As To Shapes Description / Location / Function 1. oval 2. spherical 3. amorphous 4. fusiform 5. pyramidal 6. polygonal 7. columnar 8. cuboidal 9. stellate 10. squamous Body Tissues Epithelial Tissues  Cells are specialized for particular functions  Found in different areas  Tissues  Body coverings  Groups of cells with similar structure and  Body linings function  Glandular tissue  Four primary types  Functions  Epithelium  Protection  Connective tissue  Absorption  Nervous tissue  Filtration  Muscle  Secretion Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.42 Classification of Epithelium Epithelium Characteristics  Cells fit closely together  Tissue layer always has one free  Number of cell layers surface  Simple  The lower surface is bound by a basement membrane  Stratified  Regenerate easily if well nourished Figure 3.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.44a 10  03/09/2020 Classification of Epithelium Simple Epithelium  Shape of cells  Simple squamous  Squamous  Cuboidal  Columnar Figure 3.17a Figure 3.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.44b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.45 Simple Epithelium Simple Epithelium  Simple cuboidal  Simple columnar Figure 3.17b Figure 3.17c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.47 Simple Epithelium Stratified Epithelium  Pseudostratified  Stratified squamous Figure 3.17d Figure 3.17e Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.49 11  03/09/2020 Stratified Epithelium Stratified Epithelium  Stratified cuboidal  Two layers of cuboidal cells  Transitional  Stratified columnar epithelium  Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape  Stratified cuboidal and columnar  Rare in human body  Found mainly in ducts of large glands Figure 3.17f Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.50 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.51 Connective Tissue Glandular Epithelium  Found everywhere in the body  Gland  Functions  Two major gland types  Characteristics  Endocrine gland  Exocrine gland Variations in blood supply Extracellular matrix Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.52 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.53 Connective Tissue Types Extracellular Matrix  Bone (osseous tissue)  Two main elements  Composed of:  Ground substance  Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)  Fibers  Three types  Hard matrix of calcium salts  Collagen fibers  Elastic fibers  Large numbers of collagen fibers  Reticular fibers  Used to protect and support the body Figure 3.18a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.55 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.56 12  03/09/2020 Connective Tissue Types Connective Tissue Types  Hyaline cartilage  Elastic cartilage  Composed of:  Provides elasticity  Abundant collagen fibers  Fibrocartilage  Rubbery matrix  Highly compressible Figure 3.18b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.57 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.58a Connective Tissue Types Connective Tissue Types  Dense connective tissue  Areolar connective  Main matrix element tissue is collagen fibers  Cells are fibroblasts Figure 3.18e Figure 3.18d Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.59 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.60 Connective Tissue Types Connective Tissue Types  Reticular  Adipose tissue connective tissue Figure 3.18f Figure 3.18g Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.61 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.62 13  03/09/2020 Connective Tissue Types Muscle Tissue  Function is to produce movement  Blood  Three types  Skeletal muscle  Cardiac muscle  Smooth muscle Figure 3.18h Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.63 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.64 Muscle Tissue Types Muscle Tissue Types  Skeletal muscle  Cardiac muscle Figure 3.19b Figure 3.19c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.65 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.66 Muscle Tissue Types Nervous Tissue  Smooth muscle Figure 3.19a Figure 3.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.67 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.68 14  03/09/2020 Tissue Repair Events in Tissue Repair  Regeneration  Capillaries become very permeable  Fibrosis  Formation of granulation tissue  Determination of method  Regeneration of surface epithelium Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.69 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.70 Regeneration of Tissues Developmental Aspects of Tissue  Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary germ layers  Tissues that regenerate easily  Muscle and connective tissue arise from  Tissues that regenerate poorly the mesoderm  Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue  Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm  With old age there is a decrease in mass and viabililty in most tissues Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.71 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.72 Thank you 15