Cell Theory and Structures.pdf

Why Study Cell Biology? The key to every biological problem must finally be sought in the cell, for every living organism is, or at some time has been, a cell. E.B. Wilson, 1925 Cells are Us  Cells are Us Cilia on a protozoan Sperm meets egg Cells are Us...

Why Study Cell Biology? The key to every biological problem must finally be sought in the cell, for every living organism is, or at some time has been, a cell. E.B. Wilson, 1925 Cells are Us  Cells are Us Cilia on a protozoan Sperm meets egg Cells are Us A person contains about 100 trillion cells. That’s 100,000,000,000,000 or 1 x 1014 cells. There are about 200 different cell types in mammals (one of us). Red and Cells are tiny, measuring on average about white blood 0.002 cm (20 um) across. That’s about cells above 1250 cells, “shoulder-to-shoulder” per vessel- forming cells. inch. nerve cell  The Cell Theory The cell theory (proposed independently in 1838 and 1839) is a cornerstone of biology. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Schleiden Cells are the smallest living things. Cells arise only by division of previously existing cells. All organisms living today are descendents of an ancestral cell. Schwann A Sense of Scale and Abundance – Bacteria on the Head of a Pin  Two Fundamentally Different Types of Cells A prokaryotic cell A eukaryotic cell Us vs. Them - Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes An Idealized Animal Cell Major Divisions of the Eukaryotic Cell A rat liver cell (with color enhancement to show organelles)  It’s Crowded In There An artist’s conception of the cytoplasm - the region of a cell that’s not in the nucleus or within an organelle. It’s Crowded In There A micrograph showing cytoskeleton (red), ribosomes (green), and membrane (blue) Animal and Plant Cells Have More Similarities Than Differences  Cellular Anatomy We’ll start by seeing what role these parts play in making and moving proteins. The Nucleus Think of the nucleus as the cell’s control center. Two meters of human DNA fits into a nucleus that’s 0.000005 meters across. Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum  The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions: Protein synthesis (about half the cell’s proteins are made here). Protein movement (trafficking) Protein “proofreading”  Cystic Fibrosis Click here to see the article. Click here to see the article.  The Lysosome Functions: Digesting food or cellular invaders Recycling cellular components Cell suicide (suicide is bad for cells, but good for us!) (The lysosome is not found in plant cells) The Lysosome This bacterium about to be eaten by an immune system cell will spend the last minutes of its existence within a lysosome. Many Diseases are Caused by Lysosome Malfunction Cellular Anatomy The Mitochondrion Think of the mitochondrion as the powerhouse of the cell. Both plant and animal cells contain many mitochondria. (Mitochondria is the plural of mitochondrion)  The Mitochondrion A class of diseases that causes muscle weakness and neurological disorders are due to malfunctioning mitochondria. Worn out mitochondria may be an important factor in aging. Mitochondrial Diseases Mitochondria and Health Animal vs. Plant Cells – Chloroplasts Are a Big Part of the Difference Cells In a Leaf  The Chloroplast Think of the chloroplast as the solar panel of the plant cell. Only plants have chloroplasts, but animals reap the benefits too.  Two Other Unique Features of Plant Cells The central vacuole may occupy 90% of a plant cell. A Consequence of Cell Walls – the Great Strength of Woody Plants The Central Vacuole Controls Turgor Pressure flaccid turgid Cellular Anatomy The Cytoskeleton The name is misleading. The cytoskeleton is the skeleton of the cell, but it’s also like An animal cell cytoskeleton the muscular system, able to change the shape of cells in a flash. A Cytoskeleton Gallery The Cytoskeleton in Action A white blood cell using the cytoskeleton to “reach out” for a hapless bacterium.  The Cytoskeleton in Action Cilia on a protozoan Beating sperm tail at fertilization Smoker’s cough is due to destruction of cilia linking the airways.