Cell Structure and Function PDF

Introduction to 2D Biology Cell Structure and Function Cell Theory 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells and their products 2. The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes 3. All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-liv...

Introduction to 2D Biology Cell Structure and Function Cell Theory 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells and their products 2. The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes 3. All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC  Simplest organisms  More complex  Often single-celled  Can be single-celled, but  Made of archaea and often multi-celled  Made up of protists, bacteria  Lack nucleus and fungi, animals, plants  Complex internal other membrane- bound organelles structure; has nucleus and other membrane- bound organelles  10-1000 x larger than pro. cells Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells Plant vs Animal Cell Plant vs Animal Cell Key Processes of Cells  All cells must perform same basic activities to stay alive  Use energy  Store materials  Take materials from environment  Get rid of wastes  Reproduce How does a cell do this?  Organelles help cells perform these functions Cell Structure Structures Common to Plant and Animal Cells Cytoplasm  Allorganelles are suspended in the cytoplasm  Mostly water, but stores substances that the cell needs too Cell Membrane  Flexible double- layer  Function  Support to the cell  Semi-Permeable ▪ Allows some materials to pass into and out of cell, but not all  Note: most organelles also have a similar membrane Nucleus  Spherical, dense structure in cell  Function:  Contains genetic information that controls cell’s activities  Genetic info (DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid) stored in chromosomes  DNA must be copied before a cell can divide Nucleus and Chromosomes Mitochondria  Powerhouse of the cell  The more active the cell, the more mitochondria there are  Converts glucose (stored energy) to energy that the cell can use  Cellular respiration glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy Mitochondrial Structural Features Note the dual membrane and the many folds of the inner membrane Question to ponder...  What type of cell would have more mitochondria: a muscle cell? Or a fat cell?  Why? Endoplasmic Reticulum  Branching tubes that extend throughout the cytoplasm (from nuclear membrane to the cellular membrane  Function:  To transport materials through the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum  Two types:  Rough E.R.  studded with ribosomes; helps with protein synthesis  Smooth E.R.  lacks ribosomes; helps synthesis of phospholipids and the packaging of proteins into vesicles Golgi Bodies  Tube-like structures  Function:  Collect and process materials to be removed from cell  Make and secrete mucus Golgi Bodies Question to ponder...  Whydo cells lining the intestine have many Golgi bodies? Vacuoles  Fluid filled sac composed of a single layer of membrane  Function:  Containing some substances  Removing some substances  Maintaining the pressure within the cell (more often in plant cells) Organelles in Plant Cells Only Your Turn to Work  Your Task...  Using page 32 in your text book complete the rest of the summary table for the 3 components unique to plant cells  Then:  Answer # 1, 2, 5-8 on page 32