Community & Public Health Lecture PDF

COMMUNITY & PUBLIC HEALTH Lecture  COMMUNICABLE AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES; This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 2  Classification of Disease and Health Problems...

COMMUNITY & PUBLIC HEALTH Lecture  COMMUNICABLE AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES; This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 2  Classification of Disease and Health Problems 3 THIS CONTENT IS PROTECTED AND MAY NOT BE SHARED, UPLOADED, OR DISTRIBUTED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ©2024  Causative agents for Diseases and injuries Biological Agents Chemical Agents Physical Agents Pesticides Heat Fungi Food Additives Light Protozoa Pharmacologics Radiation Viruses Industrial Noise chemicals Bacteria Cigarette smoke Vibration This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 4 Acute vs Chronic Acute Chronic Onset Rapid, Sudden Gradual Duration Short, Limited (3 months) Indefinite, long term (life-long) Cause Usually single Usually multiple ang changes overtime Diagnosis and Prognosis Usually accurate Often uncertain Intervention Usually effective Often indecisive, adverse effects common Outcome Cure possible No cure This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 5 This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 6 Communicable Disease Infectious Disease Disease process of communicable disease - Is a type of disease Entry of agent to caused by some specific susceptible host. biological agents or its toxic products that can be Reproduction of agent transmitted from an within the host. infected animal, or inanimate reservoir to a Infection susceptible host. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 7 Noncommunicable Disease Noninfectious Disease Genetic (Multicausation Diseases) - Illnesses that cannot be transmitted from one person to Behavioral another. - Delineating the cause of NCD’s are more often difficult due Environmental multiple contributing factors. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 8 COMMUNICABLE DISEASE This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 9 Infectivity VS Pathogenicity VS Virulence INFECTIVITY PATHOGENECITY VIRULENCE the ability of a the capability of a biological agent to communicable disease Ability of an enter and grow in agent to cause infectious agent to the host. disease in a cause severe susceptible host. disease. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 10 Infectivity VS Pathogenicity VS Virulence This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 11 Exposure outcome This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 12  Communicable Disease Model Susceptible organism The minimal requirements for the occurrence and spread of s e to e a communicable e dis t h d for ccur. Factors that inhibit c diseases in a Ne e o h o g eni or promote disease / pat Communicabl transmission. population—agent, us e ativ gent) e Disease (ca a host, and environment. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 13 This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 14 ◦ Case - a person who is sick with a disease. ◦ Carrier - a person or animal that harbors a specific communicable agent in the absence of discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection to others. ◦ Zoonosis - a communicable disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans ◦ Anthroponosis - a disease that infects only humans. ◦ Vehicle - an inanimate material or object that can serve as a source of infection. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 15 ◦ Vector - a living organism, usually an arthropod (e.g., mosquito, tick, louse, or flea), that can transmit a communicable agent to susceptible hosts. ◦ Incubation - time interval between initial contact with an infectious agent and appearance of the first sign or symptom of disease in question. ◦ Communicability - period of communicability is the time during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person, from an infected animal to humans, or from an infected person to animals. Also known as the ‘infectious period’. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 16 Chain of Infection - Model that can be used to visualize the step-by-step process by which communicable disease spread from infected person to an uninfected person from the community. - Used to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a susceptible host. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 17 1. Causative Agent -Any microorganism capable of causing a disease. Ex: Bacteria, Virus, Parasite, Fungi This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 18 2. Reservoir - Is the habitat where the agent survives, grows, and/or multiplies. - 2nd link in the chain of Measles Brucellosis Histoplasmosis infection. Mumps Anthrax Legionairres STD’s Plague Paragonimiasis Ex. Human, Animal, Smallpox Trichinosis Schistosomiasis Environment Tularemia Rabies This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 19 3. Portal of Exit - Path by which an infectious agent leaves its reservoir. Ex. Respiratory tract, Genitourinary tract, Gastrointestinal tract, Skin, Mucus membrane, Placenta This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 20 4. Mode of Transmission 1. Contact transmission Direct – immediate transfer of an infectious agent by direct contact. Ex. Touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse, droplet Indirect – transmission involving an intermediate step. Ex. Airborne, vehicleborne, vectorborne 2.Ingestion (through GIT) 3.Vertical Transmission This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 21 5. Portal of Entry - Refers to the manner in which a pathogen enters a susceptible host. - Must provide access to tissues in which the pathogen can multiply or a toxin can act. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 22 6. Susceptible Host - The final link in the chain of infection. - A susceptible host is a person who can become infected by the infectious agent. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 23  Agent (metacercariae of P. westermanii Host Reservoir (snail) f a lo rt ry Po Ent Disease: MOT Paragonimiasis (ingestion of crabs/crustaceans) Portal of Exit (defecation) This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 24 NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 25 NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE (NCDs) ◦ Also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiologic, environmental, and behavioral factors. ◦ The main types of NCD are; - Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) , Hypertension, CHD - Cancers - Chronic respiratory diseases (COPD, asthma) - Diabetes This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 26 Etiology - the cause of a disease. Coronary heart disease (CHD) - a chronic disease characterized by damage to the coronary arteries in the heart Cerebrovascular disease (stroke) - a chronic disease characterized by damage to blood vessels of the brain resulting in disruption of circulation to the brain. Malignant neoplasm - uncontrolled new tissue growth resulting from cells that have lost control over their growth and division. Metastasis - the spread of cancer cells to distant parts of the body by the circulatory or lymphatic system. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 27 Multicausation Disease Model a visual representation of the host together with various internal and external factors that promote and protect against disease. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 28 Risk Factors Modifiable Non-Modifiable Metabolic Risk Risk Factors Risk Factors Factors Tobacco use Age High Blood Pressure Physical Inactivity Gender Obesity Diet Race/Ethnicity Hyperglycemia Alcohol use Family History Lifestyle Autoimmune disease Hyperlipidemia This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 29 15 LEADING NCD’s (PHILIPPINES) 11. Obesity 1. Alzheimer’s 6. CVD (Stroke) 12. Diabetes Disease 7. COPD 13. Depressive 2. Cancer 8. Coronary Disorders 3. Epilepsy Artery Disease 14. Alcohol Abuse 4. Osteoarthritis 9. Heat Stroke 15. Drug Abuse 5. Osteoporosis 10. Hypertension (Ecstacy) This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 30 PREVENTION, INTERVENTION, CONTROL, AND ERADICATION OF DISEASES Prevention - the planning for and taking of action to forestall the onset of a disease or other health problem. Intervention - efforts to control a disease in progress. Eradication - the complete elimination or uprooting of a disease (e.g., smallpox eradication). This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 31 Levels of Prevention for Disease Control Primary Secondary Intervention Tertiary Intervention Intervention preventive measures that preventive measures that lead to an early diagnosis measures aimed at forestall the onset of illness and prompt treatment of a or injury during the rehabilitation following disease or injury to limit prepathogenesis period. significant pathogenesis. disability and prevent more severe pathogenesis Ex. Health education, health promotion, personality Ex. Health screening, Ex. Rehabilitation, development, immunization, diagnostics Retrain, Re-educate handwashing This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 32 This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 33 This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 34 Primary Prevention (Communicable Diseases) This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 35 Active immunity - occurs when exposure to a disease-causing organism prompts the immune system to develop antibodies against that disease. Passive immunity - occurs when a person receives antibodies against a disease rather than their immune system producing them. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 36 Isolation - the separation of infected persons from those who are susceptible Quarantine - limitation of freedom of movement of those who have been exposed to a disease and may be incubating it Disinfection - the killing of communicable disease agents outside the host. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 37 Secondary Prevention Tertiary Prevention (Communicable Diseases) (Communicable Diseases) Self-diagnosis and self-treatment (OTC Convalescence from infection medicine) Recovery to full health Return to normal activity. Diagnosis and treatment with prescription. Complete removal of causative agent. Isolation Reapplication of primary and Quarantine secondary prevention. Disinfection This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 38  Primary Prevention Secondary Tertiary Prevention (NCD) Prevention (NCD) (NCD) 1. Adequate food and energy. 1. Mass and Medical 2. Good opportunities for screening education, employment, 2. Case finding 1. Adequate emergency and housing. measures. personnel, facilities 3. Efficient community 3. Provision of and services. services. adequate health 2. Lifestyle and 4. Health education, personnel, behavioral change. promotion, medical equipment, and services. facilities for the 5. Protection from community. environmental and occupational hazards. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 39  MEDICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH MICROBIOLOGY This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 40 Microbiology -Defined as the study of organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. -Its purpose is to isolate and identify pathogenic microorganisms. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 41 History of Microbiology ◦ Antoinne van Leewenhoek (1632 – 1723) - Considered as “first true microbiologist”. - Known as the Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology. - First person to observe and accurately describe living microorganism, such as bacteria and protozoa. - Used the term “animalcules”, or the tiny living and moving cells seen under the microscope. ◦ Rudolf Virchow (1821 – 1902) - Proposed the theory of biogenesis, which states that living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells. ◦ Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) - Proposed the use of heat in killing microorganisms, which is now called as aseptic technique. - He used the term “vaccine” for an attenuated culture. - Developed the anthrax and rabies vaccine. - He improved the wine-making process (fermentation and pasteurization) This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 42 History of Microbiology John Tyndall (1820 – 1893) - showed that dusts carry agents that could contaminate a sterile broth. Ferdinand Cohn (1828 – 1898) - He discovered that there are bacteria that could withstand a series of heating and boiling because of heat-resistant structures known as endospores. Ignaz Semmelweis (1816 – 1865) - He demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of disease. Joseph Lister (1827 – 1912) - He introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain. - He pioneered promoting handwashing before and after operation, the wearing of gloves, sterilizing surgical instruments, and the use of phenol as an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressing. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 43 History of Microbiology Robert Koch (1843 – 1910) - First to show that bacteria can cause disease. - Discovered Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of Anthrax. - Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis. Fanny Hesse (1850 – 1934) - She suggested the use of Agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of culture media. Julius Richard Petri (1852 – 1921) - He developed the petri dish. Edward Jenner (1749 – 1823) - Introduced the smallpox vaccination through cowpox inoculation. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 44 History of Microbiology Ellie Metchnikoff (1845 – 1916) - First to describe the immune system cells and the process of phagocytosis. Alexander Flemming (1881 – 1955) - He accidentally discovered the antibiotic penicillin (Penicillin notatum). - Discovered the lysozyme This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 45  BACTERIAL TAXONOMY Taxonomy - It is an area of biological science that comprises three distinct areas, namely classification, nomenclature, and identification. - It is a formal system of organizing, classifying, and naming living things. - It is based on the similarities and differences in the genotype and phenotype of organisms. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 46  BACTERIAL TAXONOMY I. Classification - It is the organization of microorganisms that have similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits into specific groups or taxa. Designation Definition Designation Definition 1. Domain Bacteria and Archaebacteria 6. Family Composed of similar genera 2. Kingdom Composed of similar phyla; 7. Genus Composed of various species with similarities of DNA and RNA common characteristics. 3. Phylum Composed of similar classes. 8. Species Is the basic group or the collection of bacterial strains with common physiologic and genetic features. 4. Class Composed of similar orders. 9. Subspecies Serotype – based on serologic differences. 5. Order Composed of similar families. - Species subdivided in the Biotype – based on biochemical following phenotypic differences. differences. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 47  BACTERIAL TAXONOMY II. Nomenclature - It is the naming of microorganisms according to established guidelines provided by the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria or the Biological Code. Writing the Genus Name 1. It should be capitalized and followed by the species epithet (specific name), which begins with a lower-case letter. 2. Both the genus and species should be italized in print- but underlined when written in script (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium tuberculosis). 3. When bacteria are referred to as a group, their names are neither capitalized nor This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 48 underlined (e.g., streptococci, staphylococci, salmonella, etc.). BACTERIAL TAXONOMY III. Identification - It is the process by which a microorganism’s key features are described. - It is the process of discovering and recording the traits of the organism. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 49 BACTERIAL TAXONOMY III. Identification Genotypic Characteristics - it refers to the organism’s genetic make-up. - it involves the detection of gene or a part thereof, or an RNA product of a specific organism. - Ex. Base sequencing of DNA or RNA which measures the relatedness of two organisms. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 50 BACTERIAL TAXONOMY III. Identification Phenotypic Characteristics - it is based on the features beyond the genetic level. -it includes readily observable characteristics, such as the morphological feature, as well as analytical procedures to be detected. -Ex. Morphology, staining, nutritional requirements, and biochemical and susceptibility tests. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 51 PATHOGENESIS ◦Is the development of an infection and disease. Certain virulence agents with mechanisms of resistance against the host protective factors are involved in the proliferation of microorganisms and the progress of diseases. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 52 PATHOGENESIS Infection -It involves the growth and multiplication of microorganisms that cause damage to their host. -It is the bodily invasion of pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce, multiply, and then cause diseases through local cellular injury, toxin secretion, or antigen-antibody reaction in the host. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 53 PATHOGENESIS Types of Infection According to the Cause Autogenous infection -It is caused by a microorganism from the microbiota of the host. Iatrogenic infection - It is an infection that occurs as the result of some medical treatment or procedure. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 54 PATHOGENESIS Types of Infection According to the Cause Opportunistic infection - It is an infection that affects immunocompromised hosts but not the individuals with a normal immune system. Nosocomial infection - It is also known as hospital-acquired infection. 4 Common types of nosocomial infections: a. Urinary tract infection b. Lung infection c. Surgical site infection d. Blood stream infection This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 55 PATHOGENESIS Types of Infection According to Host Distribution 1. Local infection - It means signs and symptoms are confined in one area. Ex. Boils, Otitis media, infected wound 2. Focal infection - It starts as a local infection before spreading to the other parts of the body. Ex. Tonsilitis This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 56 PATHOGENESIS Types of Infection According to Host Distribution 3. Systemic infection (Generalized infection) - It means the microbe spreads throughout the body through the blood or lymph (general invasion). 4 Types of systemic infection a. Bacteremia – the presence of bacteria in the blood, invasion without active multiplication. b. Septicemia – it is the active multiplication of the invading bacteria in the blood. c. Pyemia – condition wherein pus-producing organism repeatedly invade the bloodstream and localized. d. Toxemia – it is the presence of toxins in the blood. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 57 PATHOGENESIS Extent of Infection 1. Primary infection - It is the initial infection that causes the illness. Ex. Common colds 2. Secondary infection - It is caused by opportunistic pathogens after the primary infection has weakened the host’s immune system. 3. Latent infection (Silent phase) - It is clinically silent inside the body and causes no noticeable illnesses in the host. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 58 PATHOGENESIS Extent of Infection 4. Mixed infection - It is caused by two or more organisms. Ex. Wound infection 5. Acute infection - A type of infection that develops and progresses slowly. 6. Chronic infection - An infection which develops slowly with milder but longer-lasting symptoms. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 59  PATHOGENESIS Infectious Dose 50 (ID50) The ID50 is the number of pathogen cells or virions required to cause active infection. 50% probability to cause an illness. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 60  Pathogen ID50 Viruses Hepatitis 10–100 A virus Norovirus 1–10 Rotavirus 10–100 Bacteria Escherichia coli, enterohemorrhagic (EHEC, serotype 10–100 O157) E. coli, enteroinvasive (EIEC) 200–5,000 E. coli, enteropathogenic (EPEC) 10,000,000–10,000,000,000 E. coli, enterotoxigenic (ETEC) 10,000,000–10,000,000,000 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi S. enterica serovar Typhimurium ≥1 Shigella dysenteriae 10–200 Vibrio cholerae (serotypes O139, O1) 1,000,000 V. parahemolyticus 100,000,000 Protozoa Giardia lamblia 1 Cryptosporidium parvum This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 10–100 61 PATHOGENESIS Disease -It is a specific illness or disorder that is characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms which are attributable to heredity, infection, diet, or environment. -It results when an infection produces notable changes in the human physiology, specifically those that cause damage to the body’s organ system. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 62 PATHOGENESIS Classification of Disease According to Occurrence 1. Sporadic disease – occurs occasionally. 2. Endemic disease – is constantly present in a particular location or population. 3. Epidemic disease – is a disease that affects a large number of people in a given population within a short span of time. 4. Pandemic disease – is a disease that affects population across large regions around the world. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 63 PATHOGENESIS Effects of Infectious Diseases Signs - Objective changes that can be measured. Symptoms - Subjective indications of the disease in a person. Syndrome - It is a group of signs and symptoms that are associated with a disease. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 64 PATHOGENESIS Phases of Infectious Diseases 1. Incubation period - It is the time between the exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms. 2. Prodromal period - It is the appearance of the signs and symptoms 3. Clinical or illness period - It is the peak of characteristic signs and symptoms of an infection or a disease. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 65 PATHOGENESIS Phases of Infectious Diseases 4. Decline period - It is the period in which the signs and symptoms begins to subside as the host’s conditions improves. 5. Convalescence or the period of recovery - It is the period in which the surviving host is recuperating towards full recovery. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 66  Routes of transmission This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 67  SOME MEDICALLY IMPORTANT BACTERIA Causative agent Infection/Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSS) Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia, Sepsis, UTI, Acute bacterial Gram stain, Coagulase Test endocarditis, Folliculitis, Furuncles, Carbuncles, Impetigo Gram stain, Culture, Susceptibility Lobar pneumonia, Meningitis, Otitis media, test, Bile solubility test, Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacteremia, Endocarditis, Atypical hemolytic Neufeld-Quellung reaction, Francis uremic syndrome. skin test, Coagglutination test Gram stain, Culture, Immunologic Neisseria gonorrhoea Gonorrhea test, Molecular assay, Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) Gram stain, Culture, Oxidase test, Neisseria meningitidis Meningococcemia Antimicrobial test, gamma-glutamyl aminopeptidase test This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 68  SOME MEDICALLY IMPORTANT BACTERIA Causative agent Infection/Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Bacteriuria, Septicemia, Neonatal sepsis, Escherichia coli Gram stain, Culture, Biochemical test meningitis, and diarrheal syndrome Shigella Diarrhea, dysentery Gram stain, Culture, Biochemical test Salmonella Septicemia, Enteric fever, and diarrhea Gram stain, Culture, Biochemical test Citrobacter Opportunistic and nosocomial infection Gram stain, Culture, Biochemical test Klebsiella Bacteriuria, Pneumonia, and Septicemia Gram stain, Culture, Biochemical test Proteus Bacteriuria, Wound infections, and Septicemia Gram stain, Culture, Biochemical test Yersenia pestis Plague Gram stain, Culture, Biochemical test This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 69  SOME MEDICALLY IMPORTANT BACTERIA Causative agent Infection/Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Gram stain, Culture, Susceptibility Vibrio cholerae Cholera test, Biochemical test Bacterial gastroenteritis, Septic arthritis among Gram stain, Culture, Susceptibility Campylobacter jejuni AIDS patient test, Biochemical test Gram stain, Culture, Nucleic Helicobacter pylori Type B gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma amplification, Susceptibility test Gram-negative bacillary bacteremia, Ecthyma Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram stain, Culture, Biochemical test gangrenosum, swimmer’s ear, Jacuzzi syndrome UTI, Pneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis, Acinetobacter Gram stain, Culture, Biochemical test cellulitis Haemophilus Meningitis in children, soft chancre Gram stain, Culture, Biochemical test Gram stain, Culture, Biochemical test, Francisella tularensis Tularemia Serological test This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 70  SOME MEDICALLY IMPORTANT VIRUS DNA VIRUSES Mode of Laboratory Family Virus Infection/Disease Transmission Diagnosis Erythema infectiosum (5th Parvoviridae Parvovirus B19 Respiratory Route Serological test disease) RTI, UTI, GIT, eye infection, Respiratory, Feco-oral Adenoviridae Adenovirus Culture, Serological test exudative pharyngitis route Hepatitis B, Hepatocellular Sexual, Perinatal, Hepadnaviridae Hepatitis B Virus Serological test carcinoma Parenteral Plantar warts, common warts, Papillomaviridae Human Papillomavirus Sexual Serological test venereal warts JC Polyomavirus Polyomaviridae Mild or asymptomatic infection Respiratory secretions BK Polyomavirus Poxviridae Variola virus (Smallpox virus) Smallpox Respiratory contact This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 71  SOME MEDICALLY IMPORTANT VIRUS DNA VIRUSES Mode of Laboratory Family Virus Infection/Disease Transmission Diagnosis HSV 1 – Oral herpes, Direct contact Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV1, gingivostomatitis, ulcerative Serological test HSV2) mouth lesion, fever blister Sexual contact HSV2 – Genital herpes (STD) Respiratory route, Varicella (chickenpox), Herpes Varicella-Zoster Virus Direct contact from fluid Serological test zoster (Shingles) from lesion Herpesviridae Cytological exam, Cytomegalovirus Opportunistic infection Direct contact, Culture, Biopsy, Serological test Hematology and Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious mononucleosis Direct contact Serological test HHV-6, 7 – Exanthem subitem HHV 6, 7 – Saliva, Human Herpesvirus type 6, 7, 8 (roseola - 6th disease) Serological test respiratory secretions HHV-8 – Kaposi’s Sarcoma This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 72  SOME MEDICALLY IMPORTANT VIRUS RNA VIRUSES Mode of Laboratory Family Virus Infection/Disease Transmission Diagnosis Sexual, Perinatal, Flaviviridae Hepatitis C Virus Hepatitis C Serological test Parenteral Sexual, Perinatal, Deltaviridae Hepatitis D Virus Hepatitis D Serological test Parenteral Hepeviridae Hepatitis E Virus Hepatitis E Feco-oral route Serological test Hepatitis A Virus Hepatitis A Feco-oral route Serological test Feco-oral route, Polio virus Polio Culture Respiratory secretion Picornaviridae Coxsackie A – Aseptic meningitis, paralysis, Coxsackie virus Respiratory secretion pharyngitis, myocarditis, rash, HFM disease, Hepangina Direct contact, Rhinovirus Common cold Respiratory route This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 73  SOME MEDICALLY IMPORTANT VIRUS RNA VIRUSES Mode of Laboratory Family Virus Infection/Disease Transmission Diagnosis Respiratory droplet and Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A, B, C Virus Influenza Serologic aerosol Mumps virus Parotitis (Mumps) Paramyxoviridae Respiratory secretion Serologic Measles virus Rubeola (measles) Bite of rabid animal, Rhabdoviridae Rabies virus Rabies Serologic, Biopsy respiratory secretion HIV Retroviridae Human T cell Leukemia virus HIV, AIDS Sexual contact Serologic I, II Coronaviridae Corona virus COVID-19 Respiratory route Serologic Dengue virus Dengue Vectorborne Serologic Flaviviridae Yellow Fever virus Yellow fever Vectorborne Serologic This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 74  SOME MEDICALLY IMPORTANT FUNGI Specie Infection/Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Tinea barbae T. mentagrophytes, Ringworm of the beard and mustache Microscopic T. Verrucosum Microsporum canis Tinea capitis Microsporum canis Microsporum audouinii Ringworm of the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes Microscopic Trichophyton tonsurans Trichophyton mentagrophytes Tinea corporis Trichophyton rubrum Ringworm of the body, especially the trunk Microscopic Trichophyton tonsurans Epidermophyton flocossum This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 75  SOME MEDICALLY IMPORTANT FUNGI Specie Infection/Disease Laboratory Diagnosis Tinea cruris Epidermophyton flocossum Ringworm of the groin Microscopic Trichophyton rubrum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Tinea favosa Ringworm of the hair follicle Microscopic Trichophyton schoenleinii Tinea manuum Ringworm of the hands, palms, in between fingers Microscopic Trichophyton rubrum Tinea pedis Trichophyton mentagrophytes Ringworm of the foot (athlete’s foot) Microscopic Trichophyton rubrum Epidermophyton flocossum Tinea unguium Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trichophyton rubrum Ringworm of the nails (onychomycosis) Microscopic Epidermophyton flocossum This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 76  MEDICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH PARASITOLOGY This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 77 Main focus of the Parasite-Host Relationship Development of Recognition of Search for methodologies these patterns of the to study these relationship relationships patterns. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 78 Type of Parasite Obligatory Parasite Endoparasite - Parasite that cannot survive - Parasite that is established inside of a outside of a host. host Ex. Virus Ex. Plasmodium Facultative Parasite Ectoparasite - Parasite that is capable of existing - Parasite that is established in or on the independently of a host exterior surface of a host Ex. Strongyloides Ex. Fleas This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 79 States of Parasitism According to Pathogenicity: INFESTATION INFECTION a. Pathogenic Organism involved Ectoparasites Endoparasites Characteristics b. Non-pathogenicLodgement of the parasite in the Invasion/Modification of the parasite surface of the susceptible host. within the host’s body. According to need for host: a. Obligate b. Facultative c. Accidental/Incidental This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 80 According to number of host required in the life cycle: Type of Host Accidental or incidental host Reservoir host - Host other than the normal one that is - Host harboring parasites that are parasitic for humans and from which humans may become harboring a parasite infected Definitive host Transport host/Paratenic/Phoretic - Host in which the adult sexual phase of - Host responsible for transferring a parasite from parasite development occurs one location to another Intermediate host Carrier - Host in which the larval asexual phase of - Parasite-harboring host that is not exhibiting any parasite development occurs clinical symptoms but can infect others This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 81 Parasite-Host Relationship Symbiosis Parasitism - Living together; the association of two living - Association of two different species of organisms that organisms, each of a different species is beneficial to one at the other’s expense Commensalism Commensal - Association of two different species of - Relating to commensalism; the association organisms that is beneficial to one and neutral between two different organisms in which one to the other benefits and has a neutral effect on the other Mutualism Pathogenic - Association of two different species of - Parasite that has demonstrated the ability to organisms that is beneficial to both cause disease This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 82  Parasitic Life Cycle Parasitic life cycle ranges from simple to complex. Three common components 1. Mode of transmission 2. Infective stage 3. Diagnostic stage Some parasites require only a definitive host, whereas others also require one or more intermediate hosts. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 83  Parasitic Life Cycle Direct Indirect - Only one host in the entire life cycle. - Two or more hosts in the life cycle. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 84  Disease Processes and Symptoms A parasitic disease may affect the entire body or any of its part. Major body associated with such processes 1. Gastrointestinal and Urogenital tracts 2. Blood and tissue 3. Liver, Lung, and other major organs 4. Miscellaneous locations This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 85 Treatment There are several options for treating parasitic infections. - Many of these drugs are toxic to the host and care should be exercised when selecting proper course of treatment. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 86  Prevention and Control Prevention and control measures may be taken against every parasite infective to humans. Preventive measures designed to break the transmission cycle are crucial for successful parasite eradication. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 87  Parasite Nomenclature and Classification Writing the name of Parasites: 1. The scientific name of parasites are written in italics and consist of two components, genus and species. Ex. Giardia lamblia 2. When a parasite name first appear in a document, the entire parasite name is written. 3. Referencing of parasite can be abbreviated by recording only the first letter of the genera followed by a period, followed by the entire species name. Ex. Giardia intestinalis (G. intestinalis) This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 88 Subkingdom (Protozoa) Amoebas Entamoeba histolytica Entamoeba hartmanni Entamoeba coli Phylum Intestinal (Sarcomastigophora) Species Entamoeba polecki Subphylum Endolimax nana (Sarcodina) Iodamoeba butschlii Class Entamoeba gingivalis (Lobosea) Naegleria fowleri Acanthamoeba species Extraintestinal Species This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 89 Subkingdom Flagellates Giardia intestinalis (Protozoa) Chilomastix mesnili Phylum Dientamoeba fragilis Intestinal (Sarcomastigophora) Species Trichomonas hominis Subphylum (Mastigophora Enteromonas hominis ) Retortamonas intestinalis Class (Zoomastigophora Trichomonas tenax ) Trichomonas vaginalis Extraintestinal Species This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 90  Hemoflagellates Leishmania brazilienses Subkingdom (Protozoa) Leishmania donovani Leishmania mexicana Phylum Leishmania tropica (Sarcomastigophora) Trypanosoma brucei Subphylum gambiense (Mastigophora) Class Trypanosoma brucei (Zoomastigophora) rhodesiense Trypanosoma cruzi Trypanosoma rangeli This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 91  Ciliates Subkingdom (Protozoa) Phylum (Ciliophora) Class (Kinetofragminophorea) Balantidium coli This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 92  Sporozoa Subkingdom (Protozoa) Isospora belli Intestinal Sarcocystis species Species Phylum Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa) parvum Class (Sporozoa) Toxoplasma gondii Tissue Species This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 93  Roundworms Enterobius vermicularis Subkingdom (Metazoa) Trichuris trichiura Intestinal Ascaris lumbricoides Phylum Species (Nemathelminthes) Necator americanus Class Ancyclostoma duodenale (Nematoda) Strongyloides stercoralis Trichinella spiralis Intestinal-Tissue Species Dracunculus medinensis This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 94  Tissue Roundworms Subkingdom (Metazoa) Wucheriria bancrofti Brugia malayi Phylum Loa loa (Nemathelminthes) Class Oncocerca volvulus (Filariae) Intestinal Species Mansonella ozzardi Mansonella perstans This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 95  Tapeworms Taenia saginata Subkingdom (Metazoa) Taenia solium Intestinal Species Hymenolepis nana Phylum (Platyhelminthes) Hymenolepis diminuta Dipylidium caninum Class (Cestoda) Diphyllobothrium latum Extraintestinal Echinococcus species granulosus This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 96  Flukes Fasciolopsis buski Subkingdom Intestinal Species (Metazoa) Heterophyes heterophyes Metagonimus yokogawai Phylum (Platyhelminthes) Fasciola hepatica Class Liver species Clonorchis sinensis (Trematod a) Lung Specie Paragonimun westermanii Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma janponicum Blood Species This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 Schistosoma haematobium 97  Arthropods Class Centipedes (Chilopoda) Tongueworms Class Pentastomida Ticks Mites Phylum Class Spiders (Arthropoda) Arachnida Scorpions Crabs Crayfish Class Copepod Mosquitoes Crustacea s Flies Lice Fleas Class Insecta Bugs This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 98 General Characteristics of Protozoans ◦ Eukaryote, Unicellular, with Ectoplasm and Endoplasm Locomotory apparatus: Flagella – thread-like, long whip-like structure arising from the surface of the cell. Cilia – shorter, needle-like/hair-like structures, found all throughout the cell. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 99 General Characteristics of Protozoans Locomotory apparatus: Pseudopods / Pseudopodia - false-feet, temporary cytoplasmic extensions. Undulating membrane – Flexible sheet of material that joins the flagella to the surface of the cell. Apical complex - Consist of polar rings, subpellicular tubules, conoid, rhoptries, and micronemes, for penetration and invasion of target cell. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 100 General Characteristics of Metazoans Multicellular with complex structure Life stages Egg > Larva > Adult Size – relatively larger than unicellular protozoans. Separate sexes This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 101  Specimen Colleting, Processing and Examining of Stool Specimens Considerations in specimen collection: ✔ Fecal specimen should be collected before any radiologic procedures that use barium sulfate because it will obscure the visualization of the parasite. ✔ Some medications intake that may interfere with detection include: a. Certain antibiotics – tetracycline b. Antimalarial medications c. Antidiarrheal products that are not absorbed – Loperamide d. Mineral oil e. Bismuth ✔ Contamination of water that may contain free-living parasites ✔ Contact with urine through toilet bowl collection is discouraged because urine may destroy motile parasites. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 102  Specimen Colleting, Processing and Examining of Stool Specimens Considerations in specimen collection: ✔ The stool specimen should be collected into a clean, waxed, cardboard container, with a wide opening and tight fitting lid. ✔ The number of specimen required to diagnose a parasitic infection depends on a. Type and severity of infection b. Quality of the sample submitted c. Examination performed. ✔ General rule, before the therapy at least three fecal specimens should be collected. ✔ Castor oil or mineral oil laxative should be avoided because oil decreases the motility of the trophozoite form of intestinal protozoa. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 103  Specimen Colleting, Processing and Examining of Stool Specimens Considerations in specimen collection: ✔ Ensure proper, accurate, and correct labeling of the specimen. ✔ For the collection of trophozoite forms of amoeba and flagellates, freshly passed stool is needed. ✔ Cyst form is readily observed in formed stools. ✔ Trophozoites are observed in liquid or watery stool. ✔ Liquid sample should be examined within half hour of collection. ✔ Soft and semisoft stools should be examined within 1 hour of collection. ✔ If examination is not possible right a way, the specimen can be refrigerated at 3 degrees Celsius or 5 degrees Celcius for up to 4 hours. ✔ Stool must not be left at room temperature, incubated, or frozen. ✔ When stool examination within these time constraints is not possible, the stool should be placed into a preservatives such as Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to maintain the morphology characteristics, glacial acetic acid for protozoan cysts and trophozoites. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 104  Specimen Colleting, Processing and Examining of Stool Specimens Considerations in specimen collection: ✔ A gross macroscopic examination of feces includes examination for proglottids and adult worms which may be visible on the specimen’s surface. ✔ Areas containing mucus and blood should be examined more carefully. This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 105  Specimen Processing and Laboratory Diagnosis Proper specimen collection and processing are crucial to parasite recovery. SPECIMEN USE STOOL - Most commonly submitted sample for each studies - Microscopic (Ova and Parasites) and macroscopic techniques - Fresh or preserved sample CSF Molecular, Culture, Microscopic exam (Ex. Angiostrongylus cantonensis) BLOOD Microscopic (Ex. Plasmodium) TISSUE BIOPSY Microscopic (Ex. Acanthamoeba) SPUTUM Microscopic (Ex. P. westermanii) URINE Microscopic (Ex. S. haematobium, T. vaginalis) GENITAL MATERIAL Microscopic (Ex. T. vaginalis) This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 106 Specimen Processing and Laboratory Diagnosis Examination procedures and methods: 1. Macroscopic examinations - color, consistency, visualization of adult worms or proglottids 2. Microscopic examinations – for identification of parasitic eggs, cysts, trophozoites 3. Direct Smear – detection of motile trophozoites of amoebas and flagellates 4. Concentration methods – for enhanced detection of smaller parasites that may not be detected in the direct mount This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 107  Specimen Processing and Laboratory Diagnosis Examination procedures and methods: 5. Permanently stained mount – recommended for identification of ova and parasites. 6. Blood smears – thick and thin blood smears 7. Cellophane tape procedure – for detection of E. vermicularis 8. Entero string test – for detection of G. lamblia This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 108  THANK YOU! This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 109