CC106-WEEK1-3.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT  Application is a software program designed to perform specific tasks for users. Applications are created to solve specific problems or perform specific tasks, such as communication, entertainment, business processes, or productivit...

INTRODUCTION TO APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT  Application is a software program designed to perform specific tasks for users. Applications are created to solve specific problems or perform specific tasks, such as communication, entertainment, business processes, or productivity. Development refers to the process of designing, building, and maintaining these software applications. System What is Software? Software Software is a set of instructions, data, or programs used to operate computers and execute specific Embedded Application Software Software tasks. It is the intangible component of a computer Classes of system, in contrast to the physical hardware. Software Software enables users to interact with the computer hardware to perform various functions, Development Middle Ware ranging from simple calculations to complex data Software processing. What is Application Development? Application development is the process of creating software applications that perform specific tasks or functions. These applications can run on various platforms, such as mobile devices, desktops, or the web. Types of Applications Web Applications: Run on web browsers and are accessible through URLs (e.g., Gmail, Facebook). Mobile Applications: Designed for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets (e.g., Instagram, WhatsApp). Desktop Applications: Installed on personal computers and run directly on the operating system (e.g., Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop). Key Components of Application Development Frontend: The part of the application that users interact with. It involves user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) design. Backend: The server side of the application, responsible for processing data, business logic, and database interactions. Database: Stores and manages data used by the application.  Development Methodologies Waterfall: A linear approach where each phase (e.g., planning, design, development) is completed before moving on to the next. Agile: An iterative approach that involves continuous planning, development, and testing. It allows for flexibility and adaptation to changes. DevOps: A methodology that integrates development and operations to improve collaboration and deployment efficiency. The Development Process Requirement Gathering: Understanding what the application needs to do. Planning: Defining the project scope, timeline, and resources. Design: Creating wireframes, mockups, and architecture diagrams. Development: Writing code for the frontend, backend, and database. Testing: Ensuring the application works as expected, with no bugs. Deployment: Releasing the application to users. Maintenance: Ongoing updates and fixes to keep the application running smoothly. Challenges in Application Development Security: Protecting the application from cyber threats. Scalability: Ensuring the application can handle increased user traffic. User Experience: Designing intuitive and user-friendly interfaces. Integration: Ensuring the application works well with other systems and services. APPLICATION DEVELOPER An application developer creates and tests applications designed for electronic computing devices. He or she will typically specialize in a development area such as mobile phone applications. An application developer is a critical part of technical and/or project management teams responsible for ensuring user needs are met through the deployment and updates of software. Roles and Responsibilities of Application Developers 1. Coding and Design 2. Application Management 3. Troubleshooting and Debugging Applications 4. Monitoring, Updates and Security 5. Server Engineering and Admin Responsibilities 6. End User Support and Training 7. Project Management, Collaboration, Communication  REQUIRED SKILLS IN APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT Technical Skills 1. Programming Languages: Knowledge of languages like Java, Python, C#, JavaScript, or others depending on the application type. 2. Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC): Understanding of methodologies like Agile, Scrum, or Waterfall. 3. Version Control Systems: Proficiency with tools like Git for managing code changes. 4. Database Management: Skills in working with databases like SQL, NoSQL, or others for data storage and retrieval. 5. Front-End Development: Familiarity with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript frameworks if working on web applications. 6. Back-End Development: Experience with server-side technologies, frameworks, and API development. 7. Frameworks and Libraries: Knowledge of popular frameworks (e.g., React, Angular, Spring) and libraries. 8. Testing and Debugging: Ability to write and execute tests, and debug code effectively. 9. Security Best Practices: Understanding of security principles to protect against vulnerabilities. Soft Skills 1. Problem-Solving: Ability to identify issues and develop effective solutions. 2. Communication: Clear communication with team members, stakeholders, and users. 3. Collaboration: Working effectively within a team, including with designers, testers, and project managers. 4. Time Management: Efficiently managing time to meet deadlines and handle multiple tasks. 5. Adaptability: Flexibility to learn new technologies and adapt to changing requirements. Optional but Beneficial Skills 1.DevOps Knowledge: Familiarity with continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) practices. 2.Cloud Services: Experience with cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud. 3.User Experience (UX) Design: Understanding of user- centered design principles. WHAT ARE THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES USED IN APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT  General-Purpose Languages 1. Java: Widely used for enterprise applications, Android apps, and web applications. Known for its portability and robustness. 2. Python: Popular for web development (with frameworks like Django and Flask), data science, machine learning, and scripting. 3. C#: Used primarily for Windows applications and web development with ASP.NET. Common in game development with Unity. 4. JavaScript: Essential for web development. Used for both client-side (with frameworks like React, Angular, and Vue) and server-side development (with Node.js). 5. Ruby: Known for its use in web development with the Ruby on Rails framework. 6. C++: Used for system/software development, game development, and applications requiring high performance. 7. Swift: The primary language for iOS and macOS development. 8. Kotlin: Officially supported for Android development, often used alongside or as a replacement for Java. Specialized Languages 1. TypeScript: A superset of JavaScript that adds static types. Often used in large-scale web applications. 2. PHP: Widely used for server-side scripting and web development. 3. SQL: Essential for database management and manipulation. 4. Go (Golang): Known for its efficiency and performance in backend development and cloud services. 5. Rust: Gaining popularity for system-level programming due to its focus on safety and performance. Legacy Languages 1. Perl: Used for scripting, web development, and text processing. 2. COBOL: Still used in legacy systems, particularly in financial institutions and mainframes. Scripting Languages 1. Shell Scripting (Bash): Used for automating tasks and managing system operations. 2. PowerShell: Used for automation and configuration management in Windows environments. IDENTIFY THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE SOFTWARE LOGO  Requirements Analysis and Modeling in Software Development INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS AND MODELING IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT, GATHERING AND DEFINING THE CORRECT REQUIREMENTS IS CRUCIAL FOR ENSURING THAT THE FINAL PRODUCT MEETS THE NEEDS OF BOTH THE STAKEHOLDERS AND END-USERS. THIS PROCESS STARTS WITH REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS AND MODELING, WHICH HELPS IN DEFINING CLEAR GOALS AND EXPECTATIONS FOR THE SYSTEM. 1. User and System Requirements User Requirements: User requirements describe what users expect from the system. They are typically written in a natural language that is easy to understand for non-technical stakeholders. These requirements focus on the goals the system must achieve from a user’s perspective and do not delve into technical specifics. Example: "The system must allow users to log in using their email and password." System Requirements: System requirements define the functions, constraints, and qualities of the system. They describe the system's behavior and how it will interact with external systems and users. These requirements are more technical in nature and often include both functional and non-functional requirements. Functional Requirements: Define what the system should do (e.g., processes, data handling). Non-Functional Requirements: Specify how the system performs certain functions (e.g., performance, security, scalability). Example of System Requirement: "The system shall encrypt all user data before storing it in the database." 2. Techniques for Requirement Elicitation Requirement elicitation is the process of gathering information from stakeholders to understand their needs. There are several techniques used to gather requirements effectively: Common Techniques: 1. Interviews: Structured or unstructured interviews with stakeholders to gather information. 1. Advantages: Allows for in-depth understanding of the requirements. 2. Disadvantages: Time-consuming, and may lead to incomplete information if not done properly. 2. Surveys and Questionnaires: Collecting data from a large number of users by sending out structured questionnaires. 1. Advantages: Reaches a broad audience. 2. Disadvantages: Limited to predefined questions, and may not capture all insights. 3. Workshops: Collaborative sessions where stakeholders and developers discuss requirements in detail. 1. Advantages: Encourages collaboration and brainstorming. 2. Disadvantages: Can be difficult to manage if there are too many participants. 4. Observation: Observing users interacting with the current system to identify unmet needs. 1. Advantages: Provides direct insights into how users interact with the system. 2. Disadvantages: Time-consuming and may not reveal all aspects of user needs. 5. Prototyping: Creating early mockups or prototypes to gather feedback. 1. Advantages: Allows users to visualize the system, leading to clearer requirements. 2. Disadvantages: Can lead to unrealistic expectations if not managed carefully. Discussion Questions: What are the best methods for requirement elicitation in large organizations? Why? How do you decide which elicitation technique to use in a particular project? 3. Requirements Documentation Once the requirements are gathered, they need to be documented clearly and systematically. Good documentation is critical because it acts as a reference point for all stakeholders and ensures that everyone has a shared understanding of the project’s goals. Types of Requirements Documentation: 1. Software Requirements Specification (SRS): 1. A detailed document that describes all the functional and non-functional requirements of the system. It serves as the blueprint for the design and development phases. 2. Components of an SRS: 1. Introduction and objectives 2. Overall description of the system 3. Functional requirements 4. Non-functional requirements 5. Constraints and assumptions 2. Use Cases: 1. Describe how users will interact with the system. They focus on the "happy path" (successful scenarios) but also consider alternative flows. 2. Example Use Case: "A user logs into the system, and if the credentials are correct, the dashboard is displayed." 3. User Stories: 1. Short, simple descriptions of a feature from the perspective of the end-user. 2. Example User Story: "As a user, I want to be able to reset my password so that I can recover my account if I forget my credentials." 4. Modeling Techniques Modeling is the process of creating abstract representations of a system’s structure, data, and processes. These models help developers and stakeholders visualize the system and its components. Common modeling techniques include: Common Modeling Techniques: 1. Data Flow Diagrams (DFD): 1. Represent the flow of data within a system. DFDs show where data comes from, how it is processed, and where it goes. 2. Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERD): Illustrate the relationships between data entities in a system. ER diagrams are handy in mapping out the functions the software will perform and how it will link different entities together. For example, if you are making an online shopping system, you might have to look at the software from different perspectives. You need to consider the user interface, admin interface, how the products will be identified and the whole billing process. An ERD comes very handy here, where all entities are named and linked together to ensure the software caters to them all. Using an ER diagram, you can resolve many problems during the planning phase of the information system rather than at the execution or testing phase. It allows you to map all the information in a graphical manner that is easy to understand and interpret. Moreover, an ERD helps identify all the data that needs to be stored in the database. By linking entities, their attributes and their relationships, ERD helps determine all the requirements of an information system during its initial phase.  An ERD is primarily used in database design to represent the structure and relationships of entities (tables) within a database. It focuses on capturing the data model, including entities, attributes, and relationships. Elements: 1. Entity: Represents a table in a relational database, often corresponding to real-world objects or concepts. 2. Attributes: Depict the properties or fields of an entity. 3. Relationships: Illustrate how entities are related, including one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships. 4. Primary Key: Identifies a unique attribute or combination of attributes that uniquely identifies each entity instance. 5. Foreign Key: Represents a link between entities and enforces referential integrity in the database. Use Entity-Relationship Diagram When: 1. Database Design: When designing a relational database, use ERDs to define tables, their attributes, and relationships between them. 2. Data Modeling: ERDs are essential for modeling and understanding data requirements, ensuring data integrity, and organizing database schemas. 3. Database Documentation: ERDs serve as valuable documentation for database administrators and developers, describing the database’s structure and constraints. 3. Unified Modeling Language (UML): A standardized modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document the components of a software system. Examples: Class Diagrams: Represent the structure of a system by showing its classes and relationships. Sequence Diagrams: Show the interaction between system components over time. 1. Class Diagram A Class Diagram shows the structure of a system by representing its classes, attributes, methods, and the relationships between them. A class diagram is primarily used in object-oriented programming and design to represent the structure and relationships of classes and objects within a system. It is a fundamental part of Unified Modeling Language (UML) and helps visualize the system’s static structure. Elements: 1. Class: Represents a blueprint for an object, defining its attributes (data members) and methods (functions). 2. Association: Depicts relationships between classes, including one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many associations. 3. Inheritance: Illustrates the inheritance hierarchy, indicating which classes inherit from others. 4. Aggregation and Composition: Represents relationships between whole-part entities, such as a car and its engine. 5. Attributes and Operations: Show the properties (attributes) and behaviors (methods) of a class. Use Class Diagram When: 1. Designing Object-Oriented Systems: If you are working on an object-oriented software project and need to represent classes, objects, and their relationships, use class diagrams. 2. Modeling Software Architecture: Class diagrams are useful for visualizing the static structure of software systems, including class hierarchies, interfaces, and dependencies. 3. Collaborative Design: Class diagrams are often employed in collaborative design sessions to facilitate discussions among developers, designers, and stakeholders. 2. Sequence Diagram A Sequence Diagram shows how objects interact in a particular sequence over time. Example: For an Online Shopping System, a Sequence Diagram might depict how a Customer interacts with the system to purchase a product: 1. The Customer selects a product. 2. The system checks the product stock. 3. The Customer adds the product to the cart. 4. The system processes the order and updates the database. Purpose of Sequence Diagram Model high-level interaction between active objects in a system Model the interaction between object instances within a collaboration that realizes a use case Model the interaction between objects within a collaboration that realizes an operation Either model generic interactions (showing all possible paths through the interaction) or specific instances of a interaction (showing just one path through the interaction) 4. State Transition Diagrams: Show the states of an object or system and the transitions between these states based on events. A state diagram is a type of diagram used in computer science and related fields to describe the behaviour of systems. The base assumption is that the system can only take a finite number of states, which are represented together with the path (usually an action) needed to reach that state. These diagrams are usually used for representing object-based systems where each diagram usually represents objects of a single class and track the different states of its objects through the system. State-transition diagrams describe all of the states that an object can have, the events under which an object changes state (transitions), the conditions that must be fulfilled before the transition will occur (guards), and the activities undertaken during the life of an object (actions). Example: A state transition diagram for a login process, showing states like “Logged Out” and “Logged In.”