Cap. 1-DTN (1).pdf

Campbell: Biology Twelfth Edition Chapter 1 Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inq...

Campbell: Biology Twelfth Edition Chapter 1 Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Objetivos de estudio 1.Describir las propiedades de los organismos vivos. 2.Describir los diferentes niveles de organización biológica. 3.Mencionar los 3 dominios de la vida. Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.1a The light, dappled fur of this beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus) allows it to blend into its habitat Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CONCEPT 1.1: The study of life reveals unifying themes (1 of 2) Biology is the scientific study of life We recognize life by what living things do Biology is a subject of enormous scope Photo: structure of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Responsible for coronavirus disease COVID-19. Is this virus a living organism? This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Animation: Signs of Life Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.2 Some properties of life Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Properties of life Order Sensitivity or response to stimuli Reproduction Growth and development Regulation/ Homeostasis Energy processing Evolution Adaptation  Order Organisms are highly organized, coordinated structures. Consist of one or more cells. Photo: toad (a highly organized structure). Consists of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. (credit: “Ivengo”/Wikimedia Commons).  Sensitivity or Response to stimuli Organisms respond to diverse stimuli. Photo: sensitive plant Mimosa pudica. Leaves will instantly droop and fold when touched (arrow). After a few minutes, the plant returns to normal. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND  Reproduction Single-celled organisms: Reproduce by first duplicating their DNA; then divides forming 2 new cells. Photo: Example of reproduction in bacteria. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY  Reproduction (2) Multicellular organisms Produce specialized reproductive cells. After fertilization (fusion of oocyte and sperm cell in humans), new individual develops. Figure: example of reproduction in humans. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA  Growth and development Growth: increase in size or number. Development: series of changes in which organisms undergo their passage from the embryonic state to maturity, from lower to higher state of organization.  Growth and development (2) Result of genes providing specific instructions directing cellular growth and development. Figure. Example of growth and development in kittens. (credit: Rocky Mountain Feline Rescue)  Regulation and homeostasis Regulation: mechanisms to coordinate internal functions, respond to stimuli, and cope with environmental stresses. Homeostasis (literally, “steady state”): ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions despite environmental changes.  Regulation and homeostasis (2) This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Figure. Two examples of internal functions regulated in an organism: (1) blood flow and (2) oxygen and nutrient transport.  Regulation and Homeostasis (3) Figure. Example of homeostasis in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) living in ice-covered regions. (credit: “longhorndave”/Flickr)  Energy processing All organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities. Figure. The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) uses chemical energy derived from food to power flight. (credit: Pacific Southwest Region U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)  EVOLUTION Evolution: process of gradual change in a population or species over time. Diversity of life on Earth result of mutations (random changes in hereditary material over time). Allow organisms to adapt to a changing environment.  EVOLUTION (2) Organisms that evolve characteristics fit for environment have greater reproductive success, subject to forces of natural selection. Photo: Tongue length of nectar-feeding moth matches the size of flower from which it feeds.  ADAPTATION All living organisms exhibit a “fit” to their environment. Consequence of evolution by natural selection. Enhance ability to survive an reproduce.  ADAPTATION (2) Photo: heat-resistant Archaea (hyperthermophiles) that live in boiling hot springs is an example of adaptation. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Video: Sea Horse Camouflage Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Theme: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization Life can be studied at different levels, from molecules to the entire living planet This enormous range can be divided into different levels of biological organization Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.3 Exploring levels of biological organization Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Levels of organization I. Atoms VII. Organs II. Molecules VIII. Organ systems III. Macromolecules IX. Organisms IV. Organelles X. Populations XI. Communities V. Cells XII. Ecosystems V. Tissues XIII. Biosphere  Levels of organization (2) I. Atoms: smallest and most fundamental unit of matter. Example: carbon atom (figure). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY  Levels of organization (3) II. Molecules: chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds. Example: water (figure). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY  Levels of organization (4) III. Macromolecules: large molecules that are typically formed by polymerization. Example: DNA (figure). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND  Levels of organization (5) IV. Organelles: aggregates of macromolecules surrounded by membranes. Example: mitochondria (figure). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC  Levels of organization (6) V. Cells: smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms. Example: human blood cells under the microscope (erythrocytes) (photo). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC  Levels of organization (7) VI. Tissues: groups of similar cells carrying out similar or related functions. Example: epithelial tissue from skin (photo). Higher magnification Lower magnification This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY  Levels of organization (8) VII. Organs: collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function. Example: stomach (figure). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND  Levels of organization (9) VIII. Organ systems: higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs. Example: digestive system (figure). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND  Levels of organization (10) IX. Organisms: individual living entities. Example: a pine tree. X. Populations: all the individuals of a species living within a specific area. Example: all pine trees. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY  Levels of organization (11) XI. Communities: the sum of populations inhabiting a particular area. Example: plants and animals in forest. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY  Levels of organization (12) XII. Ecosystems: all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, nonliving parts of that environment. Example: coastal ecosystem. XIII. Biosphere: the collection of all ecosystems. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY Emergent Properties (1 of 2) Emergent properties result from the arrangement and interaction of parts as complexity increases Emergent properties characterize nonbiological entities as well – For example, a functioning bicycle emerges only when all of the necessary parts connect in the correct way Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CONCEPT 1.1: The study of life reveals unifying themes (2 of 2) There are five unifying themes in Biology – Organization – Information – Energy and Matter – Interactions – Evolution Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.1b How do these mice illustrate the unifying themes of biology? Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Structure and Function At each level of the biological hierarchy we find a correlation between structure and function Analyzing a biological structure gives us clues about what it does and how it works Conversely, knowing the function of something provides insight into its structure and organization Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.UN01 In-text figure, hummingbird, p. 6 Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function (1 of 2) The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life The cell theory states that all living organisms are made from cells Every cell is enclosed by a membrane that regulates passage of materials between the cell and its environment The cells of bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic, while all other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic cells Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function (2 of 2) A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.4 Contrasting eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in size and complexity Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Theme: Life’s Processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information Within cells, structures called chromosomes contain genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.7 DNA: the genetic material Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Theme: Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter (1 of 2) The input of energy from the sun and the transformation of energy from one form to another make life possible The chemical energy generated by plants and other photosynthetic organisms (producers) is passed along to consumers Consumers are organisms that feed on other organisms or their remains Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.9 Energy flow and chemical cycling Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Theme: Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter (2 of 2) When organisms use energy to perform work, some energy is lost to the surroundings as heat As a result, energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as light and exiting as heat Chemicals cycle within an ecosystem, where they are used and then recycled Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Theme: From Molecules to Ecosystems, Interactions Are Important in Biological Systems Interactions between the components of the system ensure smooth integration of all the parts This holds true equally well for molecules in a cell and the components of an ecosystem Interactions between components that make up living organisms—organs, tissues, cells, and molecules—are crucial to their smooth operation Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Ecosystems: An Organism’s Interactions with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment (1 of 3) At the ecosystem level, each organism interacts with other organisms These interactions may be beneficial or harmful to one or both of the organisms Organisms also interact continuously with the physical factors in their environment, and the environment is affected by the organisms living there Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.11 Interactions of an African acacia tree with other organisms and the physical environment Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CONCEPT 1.2: The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life (1 of 2) An understanding of evolution helps us to make sense of everything we know about life on Earth The scientific explanation for both the unity and diversity of organisms is evolution, the concept that living organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors An abundance of evidence supports the occurrence of evolution “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”—Theodosius Dobzhansky Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Classifying the Diversity of Life Approximately 1.8 million species have been identified and named to date Each species is given a two-part name: The genus, to which the species belongs, and a species name unique to that species E.g., Homo sapiens, is the name of our species Estimates of the total number of species that actually exist range from 10 million to over 100 million Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  The diversity of life: 3 Domains of LIFE Organisms are currently divided into three domains, named Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya The prokaryotes include the domains Bacteria and Archaea Domain: the largest of all groups in the classification of life. Three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Figure 1.13 The three domains of life Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  The diversity of life: 3 Domains of LIFE (2) Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes (single- celled organisms lacking intracellular organelles). Archea live under extreme conditions (extremophiles). Example: halophile archeobacteria that live in very salty water (photos). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC  The diversity of life: 3 Domains of LIFE (3) Eukarya contains the eukaryotes (organisms with membrane-bound organelles and a A B membrane-bound nucleus). Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms Domain Eukarya includes the four subgroups a) Plants, which produce their own food by photosynthesis b) Fungi, which absorb nutrients C D c) Animals, which ingest their food d) Protists Includes unicellular microorganisms (protists), fungi, plants, and animals (photos A, B, C, D respectively). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA The Three Domains of Life (3 of 3) Protists are the most numerous and diverse eukaryotes These are mostly single-celled organisms They are classified into several groups Some protists are less closely related to other protists than they are to plants, animals, or fungi Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  The diversity of life: 3 Domains of LIFE (4) Phylogenetic tree: diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both.  The diversity of life: 3 Domains of LIFE (5) This phylogenetic tree shows the separation of living organisms into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. (credit: Eric Gaba; NASA Astrobiology Institute) Unity in the Diversity of Life A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for example, – DNA is the universal genetic language common to all organisms – Unity is evident in the similar skeletons of different animals The history of life as documented by fossils and other evidence is the saga of a changing Earth, billions of years old Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.14 An example of unity underlying the diversity of life: the architecture of cilia in eukaryotes Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.17 Unity and diversity among birds Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Summary All living organisms share several key properties such as: order sensitivity or response to stimuli reproduction growth and development regulation and homeostasis energy processing evolution adaptation  Summary (2) Living things are highly organized parts of a hierarchy that includes: Atoms Molecules Macromolecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems  Summary (3) Biologists group organisms as: populations communities ecosystems biosphere Living organisms are classified into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.