Human Systems Review PDF

## DAY 2 ### VII. Human Systems #### Digestive System - Physical digestion: Chewing of food in the mouth. - Mechanical digestion - Chemical digestion: Breakdown of large food molecules by enzymes. - Mouth - Pharynx (Throat) - Esophagus: Passes food from your throat to your stomach. - Stomach...

## DAY 2 ### VII. Human Systems #### Digestive System - Physical digestion: Chewing of food in the mouth. - Mechanical digestion - Chemical digestion: Breakdown of large food molecules by enzymes. - Mouth - Pharynx (Throat) - Esophagus: Passes food from your throat to your stomach. - Stomach - Chyme (mixed food and gastric juices) - Small intestine: Final place of digestion. Has villi (finger like structures). - Large intestine (colon) - Water absorption, production of Vit. K, it ends in rectum. - Anus - Passageway in defecation. - Accessory Organs: - Salivary gland: laway, 1.2 liks - Liver - Largest internal organ in the body, creates bile (emulsification of fats). - Gall bladder: Stores the bile. - Pancreas: Secrete enzymes for digestion of food. #### Circulatory System - Transport blood to other parts of the body. - Heart: Pumps blood - Vein: Brings blood back to the heart - Artery: Brings blood away from the heart - Blood vessel: - Cells in the blood needed for blood cloth - RBC (red corpuscles) is red because of hemoglobin. - Fibrinogen: protein found in the plasma is responsible for blood clotting. - Vitamin K: vitamin needed for blood clotting. - Calcium: mineral needed for blood clotting. - Vitamin B12: vitamin needed for RBC production. #### Respiratory System - Supplies body with oxygen, and release CO2 as waste. - Inspiration: Inhale, takes oxygen in - Expiration: Exhale, releases CO2 out - Nose: Warms and moisten air, traps dirt. - Pharynx(throat): Passageway for both air and food ## FTRC Falculan Twins' Review Center ### LV - Epiglottis: Prevents the entrance of food to trachea. - Larynx: Voice box - Vocal cords are found inside the larynx. - Adam's apple in males - Trachea: Windpipe - Lungs: The main organ of respiratory system ### Endocrine System - Regulates body and maintains homeostasis through hormones. - Example: Pancreas releases Insulin ### Reproductive System - Fertilization- union of sex cells (gametes) or union of sperm and egg (ovum) forming zygote. - In vitro fertilization: Sperm and ovum meet Inside the test tube. - In vivo fertilization: Sperm and ovum meet inside the body. ### Nervous System - Controls sensory and motor functions. - Memory and emotions - Spinal cord and brain. - Neurons: The basic unit of nervous system. - Brain Parts: - Cerebrum: Voluntary activities, largest, intelligences, learning, judgement. - Cerebellum: Involuntary, balance, coordination. - Brain stem: Connects brain and spinal cord, involuntary, life sustaining activities: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing. - Midbrain - Pons - Medulla oblongata ### Skeletal System - Protects and supports body parts. - Blood cell production on bone marrows. - Calcium and phosphorous storage. - Bones (206 bones in adult). ### Muscular System - Moves limbs and other parts of the body. - Moves substances through the body. - Three types of Muscular Tissue - Smooth muscle: Involuntary (can be found in stomach and intestines) - Cardiac muscle: Involuntary (can ONLY be found in heart) - Skeletal muscle: Voluntary (can be found in our limbs) ### Excretory System - Removes metabolic waste from the body. - Kidney: Main excretory organ; produces urine. - Osmosis: is the movement of water across the cell membrane - Cell in hypotonic solution - Clue: Swell, Burst, Lysed - Cell in isotonic solution - There will be NO NET movement of WATER - Cell in hypertonic solution - Clue: Shrink, Shivel, Dehydrated ### Integumentary System - Body covering - Protects us from UV rays. - Nail, skin, hair - *Skin is the largest organ of the human body.* - *how much like spon of teige 10sh- 3-5 months* ## FTRC Falculan Twins' Review Center ### VIII. Ecology - The study of ecosystem - Relationship between living (biotic) things and non-living (abiotic) things. - Biotic Components of Ecosystem: - Producers (autotrophs): - Example: Plants - Consumers (heterotrophs): - Herbivores-plant eaters - Carnivores-feed on other animals. - Omnivores- animals that feed on both plants and animals. - Scavengers-feed on decaying and necrotic matter (example: vulture). - Decomposers/Saprophytes) - Example: bacteria, fungi - Break down dead organisms. - Ecological Relationship: - Competition - Predation - Symbiosis: - Mutualism (+, +) - Parasitism (+, -) - Commensalism (+, nelther harmed nor benefited) ### IX. Genetics - Study of genes and heredity. - Gregor Mendel- the Father of genetics. - Phenotype: Physical appearance of an organism (Green, Tall, Short, Straight, Kinky). - Genotype: Genes of a specific character (Gg, gg, HH, hh). - Homozygous: (HH, TT, tt). - Heterozygous: (Hh, Tt). - Mendel's Law of Dominance - Dominant gene (Working gene) - It prevents the expression of the other gene/recessive gene. - Recessive gene (Non-working gene) - The expression is masked by the presence of a dominant gene. - Will only have phenotypic expression if present as a homozygous genotype. - Example: - S- Straight (Dominant) - s- Kinky (Recessive) - *SS- Straight* - *Ss- Straight* - *ss- Kinky* ### X. Homologous Structures and Analogous Structures - Homologous Organs - Organs having similar structure but they have different functions e.g., human arm, cat leg, seal flipper, bat wing. - Analogous Organs - Organs having similar functions but they have different structures e.g., butterfly's wings and bat's wings. - Biotechnology - Modification of biological process through human intervention. - Genetic engineering: GMO (genetically modified organism) or transgenic organism. - Bioremediation- the use of biotechnology to solve environmental problems. - Example: Oil eating bacteria-used in cleaning up oil spills.