Human Development PDF

6. Adolescents HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 7. Young Adulthood The Child and Adolescents and the Learning Principles 8. Later Adulthood/ Late Adulthood 9. Old Age/ Late...

6. Adolescents HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 7. Young Adulthood The Child and Adolescents and the Learning Principles 8. Later Adulthood/ Late Adulthood 9. Old Age/ Later Maturity The Principles of Human Development Can predict the sequence Developmental Tasks Different set of principles describes the process of Introduced by Robert J. Havighurst human growth and development. These principles In every developmental stage there is explain a typical story as a predictable and developmental tasks sequential process. Thus, we can predict how most children will develop although there are differences What is Developmental Task? in their qualities, behavior, activity, levels, and - Arises at a certain period in our life, the successful timing of developmental milestone like ages and achievement of which leads to happiness and stages. success with later tasks while failure leads to happiness, social disapproval, and difficulty with Meaning of Human Development later tasks (Havighurst, 1972) The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan. 1. Prenatal Period (from conception to birth) It includes growth and declines-means that it may o Period of Ovum- the organism divides, have positive or negative. becomes more complex and is implanted in the wall of the uterus. Remember: infancy to adolescents= increasing o Period of Embryo- the major body systems and old age= decreasing organs develop. xx mother 4,5,6 weeks (heartbeat) o Period of Fetus- the finishing touches are put xy father 3 weeks (nabubuo pa lang) on the various parts and the body changes in form and grows about 20 times in length. Principles of Human Development/ Principles of Development 2. Infancy (from birth to 18-24 months) - Adjustments to life outside the mother’s womb 1. Development proceeds from the head downward - Extreme dependence on adults - Cepnalocaudal pattern (first pattern) - Capable of some reflexes - First universal human development o head 3. Early Childhood (end of infancy to 5-6 years) o arms - Physical growth increases during the years o central part (trunks) from 2-6. Motor development advances rapidly. o legs Young children learn to become more self- + last part of the body to develop inside the womb is sufficient, develop school readiness skills and the hands/fingers spend more time in playing. 2. Development proceeds from the center of the body 4. Middle and Late Childhood (6-11 years) outward (central) spinal cord - Fundamental skills of reading, writing, and - Proximodistal pattern arithmetic are mastered. - Development of muscles - Skills are categorized into major groups: self- + fine motor skills (small muscles) help skills, social-help skills, school skills and play skills. 3. Development depends on maturation and learning - Expansion of world 4. Development proceeds from the simple (concrete) to the more complex (basic to complex) 5. Adolescence (10-11 years of age ending up to 18- o 1 year old- mastery (walking, sounds) 22) o Development is a process - An important period in the life span, a o Developmental milestone transitional period, a time of change, a problem age, a time when the individual searches for 5. Growth and development proceed from general to identity. specific 6. Growth and development is a continuous process 6. Early Adulthood (from late teen or early 20’s last 7. There are individual rates of growth and thing through the 30’s) development - Settling down and reproductive age, a problem - We're not uniform age and one of emotional tension, a time of social isolation, a time of commitment, time of Developmental Stages and Tasks dependency, value changes, adjustment to Developmental Stages: new life pattern. 1. Prenatal - Germinal stage (period of ovum) 7. Middle Adulthood (40-60 years of age) - Embryonic stage (period of embryo) - Reach the height of their professional careers - Fatal stage (period of fetus) and the peak of their financial responsibilities. 2. Infancy - From birth to 18-24 months 8. Late Adulthood (60’s and above) 3. Toddlerhood - Declining health and strength, retirement, 4. Early Childhood withdrawal from activities and feelings of - End of infancy to 5-6 years old insecurity. Factors Affecting Physical, Cognitive, Linguistic, and 5. Middle Childhood & Late Childhood Socio-emotional Development Factors Affecting Physical Development 1. Genetic History (heredity) 2. Nutrition 3. Medical Conditions 4. Exercise and Health 5. Sex 6. Sleep 7. Emotional Well-being 8. Environment 9. Socio-economic Factors Affecting Socio-emotional Development 1. Parenting 2. Role Model 3. Peer groups and Interaction Factors Affecting Linguistic Development 1. Early Language Stimulation 2. Literate Communities and Environment 3. Story Reading Issues on Human Development - Nature vs. Nurture - Continuity vs. Discontinuity - Stability vs. Change/ Early Experiences vs. Later Experiences 1. Nature vs. Nurture → Nature Descartes: Some ideas are innate Plato: Ideas such as “the good” and “Beauty” are inborn Charles Darwin: Some traits become part of our nature through natural selection: they help us survive long enough to pass the traits to the next generation. → Nurture Aristotle: All knowledge comes through the senses. John Locke: The mind is blank slate (blank chalkboard or screen) written on by experience. 2. Continuity vs. Discontinuity → Continuity There is gradual and increasing changes happening. Supported by Skinner’s operant conditioning → Discontinuity The change is distinct changes happening Supported by Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of human development. 3. Stability vs. Change → Stability First experience has made us → Change First experience develops us into someone different from who were at an earlier point in development.