An Introduction to Sport and Exercise Psychology PDF

AN INTRODUCTION TO SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY MUHAMMAD ZIKRI BIN MOHD ZULKARNAIN [email protected] Learning Objectives ▪ Describe what sport and exercise psychology is. ▪ Understand major developments in the history of sport and exercise psychology. ▪ Describe career...

AN INTRODUCTION TO SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY MUHAMMAD ZIKRI BIN MOHD ZULKARNAIN [email protected] Learning Objectives ▪ Describe what sport and exercise psychology is. ▪ Understand major developments in the history of sport and exercise psychology. ▪ Describe career opportunities and future directions in the field. MAZLAN, 2019 Defining Sport and Exercise Psychology ▪ Studying how people behave in sports and exercise scientifically, and using that knowledge to improve their experience and performance. MAZLAN, 2019 Cont’d ▪ People study sports and exercise psychology for 2 main reasons: ✓ To learn how mental factors can influence someone's performance in sports. ✓ To see how being active in sports and exercise can improve a person's mental growth, health and overall well-being. MAZLAN, 2019 History of Sport And Exercise Psychology Period 1: Early years (1893 – 1920) ▪ 1893: E.W. Scripture studies athletes at Yale, looking at their reaction times and how training affects them. ▪ 1897: Norman Triplett runs the first experiment in social and sports psychology, focusing on how being around others impacts cyclists' performance. ▪ 1899: E.W. Scripture talks about how sports can help develop certain personality traits. ▪ 1903: G.T.W. Patrick explores the psychology behind playing. ▪ 1914: R. Cummins studies how sports affect motor skills, focus and abilities. ▪ 1918: Coleman Griffith, as a student, starts studying football and basketball players at the University of Illinois. MAZLAN, 2019 Cont’d Period 2: Early years (1921 – 1938) Coleman Griffith is known as the “Father of American Sport Psychology”. ▪ 1921 – 1931: He publishes 25 research articles about sport psychology. ▪ 1925: The University of Illinois sets up a research lab for athletics and Griffith becomes the director. ▪ 1926: Griffith publishes Psychology of Coaching. ▪ 1928: Griffith publishes Psychology of Athletics. MAZLAN, 2019 Cont’d Period 3: Preparation for the future (1939 – 1965) ▪ 1938: Franklin Henry joins the Department of Physical Education at the University of California, Berkeley and starts a graduate program in the psychology of physical activity. ▪ 1943: Dorothy Yates works with college boxers and studies the effects of her relaxation training intervention. ▪ 1949: Warren Johnson assesses precompetitive emotions of athletes. ▪ 1951: John Lawther writes Psychology of Coaching. ▪ 1965: The First World Congress of Sport Psychology is held in Rome. MAZLAN, 2019 Cont’d Period 4: Establishment of academic sport psychology (1966 – 1977) ▪ 1966: Clinical Psychologists Bruce Ogilvie (known as the Father of Applied Sport Psychology) and Thomas Tutko write Problem Athletes and How to Handle Them and start consulting with athletes and teams. ▪ 1967: B. Cratty from UCLA writes Psychology of Physical Activity. ▪ 1967: The first annual conference of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport & Physical Activity (NASPSPA) is held. ▪ 1974: The proceedings of the NASPSPA conference are published for the first time. MAZLAN, 2019 Cont’d Period 5: Multidisciplinary Science and Practice in Sport and Exercise Psychology (1978 – 2000) Dorothy Harris becomes the first woman member of the International Society of Sport Psychology and the first woman president of the North American Society of Sport Psychology. ▪ 1979: The Journal of Sport Psychology (now called Sport and Exercise Psychology) is created. ▪ 1980: The U.S. Olympic Committee sets up the Sport Psychology Advisory Board. ▪ 1984: American TV highlights sport psychology during the Olympic Games. ▪ 1985: The U.S. Olympic Committee hires its first full-time sport psychologist. ▪ 1986: The first applied scholarly journal, The Sport Psychologist, is started. ▪ 1986: The Association Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology (AASP) is formed. ▪ 1987: The American Psychological Association (APA) creates Division 47 for Sport Psychology. ▪ 1988: An official sport psychologist joins the U.S. Olympic team for the first time. ▪ 1989: The Journal of Applied Sport Psychology is launched. ▪ 1991: The AASP introduces the “certified consultant” status. MAZLAN, 2019 Cont’d Period 6: Contemporary Sport and Exercise Psychology (2001 – Present) ▪ The Journal Psychology of Sport and Exercise is created and published in Europe. ▪ In 2009, the International Society of Sport Psychology Conference in Morocco gathers over 700 participants from 70 countries. ▪ There are growing concerns about the best methods for preparing and educating students in the field. MAZLAN, 2019 Break Time 5 Minutes 11 The Main Activities Carried Out by Sport and Exercise Psychologists SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGIST APPLIED ACADEMIC CONSULTING CLINICAL TEACHING RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL MAZLAN, 2019 Applied Activities ▪ Consulting involves teaching skills to athletes and coaches in different areas. ✓ E.g. Consultants help athletes use psychological techniques to lower stress and anxiety, and they train coaches on ways to improve performance. ▪ Their consulting process includes a few steps: ✓ Diagnose the problem to understand what is going on. ✓ Create methods to address the issue, like using relaxation techniques. ✓ Evaluate if the methods have worked. If not, they make changes or try new techniques. MAZLAN, 2019 Cont’d ▪ Clinical sport psychologists are trained to diagnose and treat athletes with personality and emotional issues. ✓ They address physical, psychological and emotional problems that affect performance (e.g. depression, eating disorders, sleep issues, suicidal behavior and drug addiction). ▪ Educational sport psychologists focus on sports and exercise psychology, physical education, kinesiology and human movement. ✓ They use their knowledge to help athletes, teams and coaches with sport- related challenges (e.g. arousal control, concentration, goal setting, injury rehabilitation, mental preparation, stress management, self-confidence and communication skills). MAZLAN, 2019 Academic Activities ▪ Teaching: Involves teaching sports psychology and traditional psychology courses at undergraduate and graduate levels in universities. ✓ E.g. They teach courses on drug abuse in sports, aggression, gender, motivation and sports performance, performance improvement, anxiety and stress management (Sports-Related Courses). ✓ They also teach social psychology, personality psychology, research methods, statistics, developmental psychology and counselling psychology (Traditional Psychology Courses). ✓ Additionally, they provide training programs for athletes, coaches and sports administrators on applying sport psychology to address sport-related issues. ▪ Research: Focuses on using research to increase, change, and improve knowledge and practices in sport psychology. ✓ Researchers use quantitative and qualitative methods to study athletes, coaches, teams, managers and fans. ✓ They share their research findings through publications in journals and presentations at national and international conferences. MAZLAN, 2019 Ideology in Psychology ▪ Structuralism was developed by Edward Titchener and focused on analysing the mind or consciousness. ✓ It looked at the basic elements like sensation, perception, and images that make up conscious mental processes. ▪ Functionalism studied the function of consciousness and was developed by William James (1842-1910). ✓ It did not last as a unique approach in the study of psychology. ▪ Behaviourism was founded by John Watson and focused on studying observable behavior, rejecting the study of mental elements and conscious processes. ▪ Gestalt psychology, established by Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), comes from a German word meaning “form” or “shape”. ✓ It highlighted that perceptions are more than just the sum of their parts. MAZLAN, 2019 Cont’d ▪ Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). ✓ It focuses on how unconscious thoughts and feelings influence a person’s growth and behaviour. ▪ Humanistic psychology emphasizes a person’s freedom to think and act, and their potential for growth. ✓ It was introduced by Abraham Maslow in the 1960s as a response to dissatisfaction with the behavioural and psychoanalytic approaches. MAZLAN, 2019 Careers in Psychology ▪ Psychologist: A person who has finished advanced studies in psychology and earned a PhD in Psychology. ▪ Clinical Psychologist: A person with a PhD in Clinical Psychology who is trained to diagnose and treat various abnormal behaviours. ✓ However, they cannot check for physical or neurological causes of these behaviours and are not allowed to prescribe medication. ▪ Psychiatrist: A medical doctor who has received additional training in clinical psychology and can prescribe medication as part of the treatment plan for managing abnormal behaviours. MAZLAN, 2019 Areas of Psychology ▪ Social Psychology: Focuses on leadership theories, coaching methods and factors that affect group cohesion and dynamics. ✓ It also looks at how an audience influences athletic performance, along with psychosocial and behavioural impacts on sports performance. ▪ Personality Psychology: Examines not only the athlete but also the roles of growth, development, coaching, training and motivation in performance. ▪ Cognitive Psychology: Studies thinking and how an athlete’s thoughts and emotions affect their performance. ✓ Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are key to explaining an athlete’s success or failure. ▪ Biological Psychology: Looks at the connection between psychological processes, emotions and performance. ✓ It studies how the muscles and nervous system contribute to performance quality. MAZLAN, 2019 Cont’d ▪ Psychometrics: Focuses on methods to measure different psychological states, including a person’s skills, abilities and intelligence. ▪ Developmental Psychology: Studies how people grow and change from conception through childhood, adolescence, adulthood and even until death (from "womb to tomb"). ▪ Health Psychology: Looks at the connection between psychological factors, lifestyle, and physical health or disease. MAZLAN, 2019 Any Questions? 21  Quiz Time! Open Quizizz.com page using Chrome or Safari Scan QR code or enter the code number given 22 Thank You 23