Building Boards, Tiles, Paints & Coatings PDF

BUILDING BOARDS PLYWOOD Prepared by Ar. Grace Berina, UAP,MS A structural wood made three or more layers of veneer joined by glue, bonded and laid with grain of...

BUILDING BOARDS PLYWOOD Prepared by Ar. Grace Berina, UAP,MS A structural wood made three or more layers of veneer joined by glue, bonded and laid with grain of each layer is at right angles to each adjacent layer. A group of sheets of building materials often faced with paper or vinyl suitable for use as finished surface 1. Marine plywood ¼- ½ inch such as walls and ceiling. 2. Fancy plywood ¼- 1 inch 3. Ordinary plywood ¼- ¾- inch These are boards are flat, relatively thin in section 4. Form plywood and have been made to standard sizes usually by4 ft 5. Pre-finished panelling 3/16-1/4-inch x 8 ft (1.20 x 2.40 meters ). These building boards may sometimes be made of several materials or ply (eg. plywood, gypsum board) ___________________________________________ TYPES OF BUILDING BOARDS 1. Plywood 2. Hardboard 3. Medium Density Fiber Board (MDF) 4. Chipboard 5. Particle Board 6. Insulating Board / Mineral Fiber Board 7. Gypsum Board 8. Asbestos Cement Board 9. Corkboard Plywood has the following properties: 10. Paperboard 1. Strong across as well as along the plane, more 11. Plastic foam Board plies means a near equal in strength in both directions. 2. Shrinking and swelling can be neutralized because wood grains run in one direction in half while the other half is at the right angles. 3. Split in its plane is impossible, because of successive layers at the right angles each other, thus nails and screws can be driven close to the edge of the panels. 4. Plywood can be bent more easily than ordinary wood of the same thickness. 5. The curvature depends on thickness and its limited by strength of outer pile in tension and inner piles in compression 6. Plywood offers innumerable possibilities for decoration because of great variety in colors and textures 7. Decorative effects are also possible to the face ply by pressure, sandblasting or etching with wire brush. HARDBOARD Made from processed wood chips or fibers subjected DESIGN OF EXTERIOR SURFACES OF to high pressure steam in pressure vessels, released BUILDING BOARDS and exploded forming into filtered cellulose. Unwanted chips are separated and then mixed into 1. Wood grain patterns / Wood Veneers homogenous mass and poured into continuous board 2. Different colors / Glue Laminated then later compressed into sheets 3. Glossy or Matte 4. Rough Finish/ Smooth Dense Surface They are uniform, hard, grainless smooth and 5. Phenolics Surface / inorganic compound overlaps, Used for interior panels and durable sidings. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 1 Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Building Boards Grades of hardboard: 1. Standard– light bendable, light brown and not suitable for exteriors 2. Tempered– brittle and stiff but resistant to wear penetration. Ideal for exterior 3. Low density – not as strong and durable as standard and tempered hardboard; for decorative boards and often used as blackboard. Standard Hardboard Panel is ideally use for the furniture, cabinets and shelves, wall paneling, mouldings PARTICLE BOARD Made from hardboard from relatively small particles, graduated from coarse at the center of the board to fine at the surface to produce a smooth dense surface. Both sides or one side of surface are sanded while edges are filled according to particular uses It may serve as a base applied with wood veneers, plastic laminates, printed wood grains and chalkboard coating. Used for shelving millwork and other furniture manufacturing. MEDIUM-DENSITY FIBERBOARD (MDF) A type of hardboard, which is made from wood fibers glued under heat and pressure. Because MDF has no grain it can cut, drilled, machined and filled without damaging the surface. It contains a substance called Urea formaldehyde, which maybe released from the material through cutting and sanding. Urea formaldehyde may cause irritation to the eyes and lungs. GYPSUM BOARD A wall board having a gypsum core and may come in other variations: 1. Special paper face where wood patterns can be nailed with colored nails. 2. Glue laminated to an interior surface to produce a wood grain effect. 3. Vinyl sheet faced made to imitate surface held by glue or aluminum or plastic moldings. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 2 Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Building Boards ASBESTOS CEMENT BOARD A dense, rigid, board containing high proportion of asbestos fibers bonded with portland cement. Resistant to fire, flame and weathering but low resistance to heat flow. STRAWBOARD Made of compressed wheat straw, processed at 350° Used as building form in sheet form and corrugated F – 400 ° F with tough Kraft paper sheeting. All types must be drilled for insertion of screws, bolts and other fasteners. 1. Structural grade – 2” thick used for non- load bearing partitions, plaster base, insulator, exterior sheathing, roof decking, and inner form face for concrete basement wall 2. Insulation grade – 2” thick intented primarily for roof deck insulation. PAPER BOARD A layer of stiff paper folded into corrugated form and faced on both sides with a thick paper backing cemented to the core. Paper boards are pressed into boards 3/16” or ¼”thich, 4’ wide, and 6-8’ long. Usually one surface is primed for easier finishing. CORK BOARD From outer bark of oak tree, its granules are mixed with synthetic resin, compressed and formed into sheet from 1” -6” and baked under pressure into rigid boards. Used exclusively as thermal insulating material and for vibration control. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 3 Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Building Boards MINERAL FIBERBOARD PLASTIC FOAM BOARDS Thick mats of mineral fibers (glass/rock wool) covered Polystyrene and polyurethane plastics are formed by with a backing of stiff paper on one side or both sides a patented process to about 40x their original volume. to form rigid boards, ranging in thickness from 1/2”to 1”. The foamed material is molded into boards from ½- 3” thick, 12” or 24” wide and from 12” long. The usual board size is 2’x4’ and is used for roof deck Used for perimeter insulation for concrete slabs , for insulation and are cemented to the deck with asphalt wall and roof deck insulation. adhesive. These plastic boards have high insulation value and 1. Ideal for fireproofing Insulation relatively high compressive strength, are flexible 2. Acoustical Insulation. enough to fit over curve surface. 3. Roof Deck Insulation 4. Damp proofing Mineral wool is resistant to water, so it doesn't get damp and provide good growing conditions for fungi, mould, mildew or other bacterial growth. ___________________________________________ Glass wool on the other hand, can get wet and damp, and as well as promoting the growth of fungi, mildew and rot its insulating properties are severely reduced. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 4 TILES Prepared by: Emmanuel M. Plan, UAP INHERENT PROPERTIES 1. Clays from which ceramic tiles are made of vary from every place and may affect color, texture, Tiles are manufactured in relatively small and modular density and porosity of the material. units made usually of ceramic, clay, porcelain baked 2. The color and hardness of the tile is dependent to achieve a durable and dense material. The term tile on the temperature at which the tiles are baked. is also used to define and describe similarly modular surfacing materials made of materials like concrete, stone, glass, carpet or may resemble finishes and appearance of other objects like wood, metal, etc. TYPES OF TILES This section covers tile materials including its Tiles are generally classified and identified based on composition, properties and applications. Tiles of its make and composition. Certain tile materials may which the material is discussed in a different section be finished similarly such as rough (or rustic), matte will simply be identified here. and glossy. Some tiles like carpet, glass, stone and ___________________________________________ paver tiles, are simply composed and finished based HISTORY AND PROPERTIES on the material it is made of. Tiles are also manufactured to mimic a different The term ‘tile’ is derived from the French ‘tuile’ which material like wood, stone, carpet or come with a plain came from the Latin word ‘tegula’ which is a baked color or printed with a pattern. clay used for the roof. HISTORY 1. Considered the simplest form of ceramic art. 2. Earliest example goes back 4,000 BC Egypt. 3. Earliest tiles were made by Assyrians, Babylonians and the Islamic Empire where highly colored tiles 4. Fired tiles start to replace thatched roofs in Greece. 5. European churches were paved in decorative tiles as Moorish tiles also spread to adorn mosques. 6. Maiollica tiles from Italy and Spain display lively colors and geometric design where tin glazing processes were practiced together with Delft from Holland. 7. Delft tiles in Holland evolved the Chinese- influenced blue and white style. th 8. The trends towards the 20 century evolved towards sanitation and hygiene which led to the use of tiles in kitchens and bathrooms. Source: Ching, 2014 CERAMIC TILES Ceramic tiles are made from a mixture of clay, feldspar, quartz which is then fired at high temperatures The tiles may be glazed or unglazed where the glazed tiles have a hard non porous, vitreous coating as its finish which offer a durable surface that is easy to clean resists stains and scratches, doesn't fade. The unglazed Ceramic tiles are soft in nature scratches easily have high absorbency that can be affected by acids and stain. Ancient Greek roof tiles Source: New World Encylopedia, 2006 Glazed and non-glazed tile _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 1 Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Tiles Ceramic tiles have the following advantages: VITRIFIED TILES 1. Fire proof: They do not bum, nor give off smoke Vitrified tile is a tile which has undergone a process or toxic fumes. called vitrification that gives it extremely low porosity 2. Resistance to abrasion: Ceramic tiles can and water absorption. It is hard and strong, as well as withstand heavy foot traffic due to their resistance stain resistant. The vitrification process creates a to abrasion and tread wear. glass like layer (vitreous) which becomes part of the 3. Moisture Resistance: The glazed tiles being body. This is in contrast to the glossy and protective impervious to moisture are an excellent choice glazing layer which is separate from the glazed for use in wet areas. ceramic tile. 4. Color permanence: Direct exposure to sunlight Vitrified tiles are made by combining silica and clay will neither alter the color of the tiles nor Causes and then heated to extremely high temperatures. them to fade. Vitrified tile does not need glaze to be added on to 5. Hygienic: Ceramic tiles being moisture resistant it. It possesses better mechanical strength and prevent bacteria and fungi from growing; Easy to scratch-resistance compared to other flooring Clean and so recommended in all areas where materials high sanitary standards are a must. 6. Cost Effective: They are cheaper than many Vitrified tiles have the following advantages: other types of flooring Wide range and choice of 1. Tougher and more durable than ceramic tiles colors, patterns, designs, sizes. Virtually limitless 2. Consistent in sizes, shades and thickness 3. Thickness: Vitrified tiles are half the thickness of Ceramic tiles have the following disadvantages: Marble, Granite and other natural materials. 4. Color permanence 1. Installation: Any unevenness can cause the tile to 5. Non-porous and stain resistant. break. 6. Easy to Clean: Prevent bacteria and fungi from 2. Brittle growing. 3. Fade with time 4. Slippery Vitrified tiles have roughly similar disadvantages as 5. Grout Maintenance: It is advisable to keep the ceramic tiles but it costs more than ceramic tiles. grout lines narrow while laying to minimize the work involved in cleaning and sealing and to reduce the visibility of dirt 6. Cold underfoot Vitrified (Left) and Ceramic (Right) Source: vincivilworld.in/ceramic-tile-vs-vitrified-tile- difference-choice/ Decorative ceramic tiles with grouted edges Source: Turner, 2020 PORCELAIN TILES A type of ceramic tile made with finer clay particles Ceramic tiles may be installed in the following fired at higher temperatures to achieve a tougher, manner: more durable and more water-resistant than an ordinary ceramic. This allows for the tile to be 1. Thinset process: The tile is bonded to a stable manufactured in bigger sizes. However, porcelain tiles backing with a thin coat of mortar – Portland still bring some similar disadvantages as ceramic tiles cement mortar, epoxy mortar or adhesive. such as heavy weight, coldness and a hard underfoot. 2. Thickset process: The tile is bonded to a thick bed of mortar – Portland cement mortar, epoxy Porcelain tiles can mimic different appearance and mortar or adhesive – to allow for the creation of mimic patterns like wood, stones or even a floor slope such as in toilets and balconies. combination. The color goes through the body of the tile unlike a typical ceramic tile which has the color and glaze at the top of the tile. However, compared to _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 2 Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Tiles homogenous tiles, the color of a homogenous tile is more consistent. Due to its properties and manufacturing and its size, porcelain tiles costs more than a ceramic tile. Cement tile patterns Source: cement-tiles.com STONE TILES Stone tiles are natural material cut into regular sizes for easier transport and maintenance such as Underside of a ceramic (left) and a porcelain (right) tile replacing damaged or worn out tiles. Stone tiles Source: https://www.floorpartners.com, 2016 carries the same advantages and disadvantages of a particular stone. This can be used in lieu of man- made tile mimicking the natural beauty of the stone. HOMOGENOUS TILES Considered as a full-body porcelain tiles in which the Stone tiles may come in sizes similar to available color of the top surface is consistently homogenous porcelain tiles but thinner than a natural slab of stone. throughout the tile. Similar to the porcelain tile, And due to its natural state, stone tiles must be homogenous tiles are tougher and less porous than a prepared and sealed similar to natural stones ceramic tile due to their similar production process. especially in high-traffic or heavy duty areas. Ancient Greek roof tiles Source: www.tiledepot.co.nz CEMENT TILES Stoned tiles cut to sizes and patterned Cement tiles are composed of grey or white Portland Source: homeguides.sfgate.com cement, marble powder, sand, cement pigments, and water. These components are mixed, molded and then pressed. The hardening, maturing and drying process of cement is made naturally by air, gradually CARPET TILES over time, without the need for ovens. Carpet are made with various fibers, such as wool and nylon, and cut-pile and loop piles in various Cement tiles have the following advantages: depths — just like regular carpet. Carpet tiles may 1. Hardwearing come in modular sizes similar to common hard tiles 2. There’s a large variety of design patterns and which are ideal for building geometric patterns and styles available. may also vary depending on the supplier or the need 3. Once sealed they are fairly stain resistant and of a project. offer a non-slip surface that’ll prevent you slipping, even with wet feet. Carpet tiles may differ depending on backing a manufacturer puts on the bottom of the tile - urethane, recycled vinyl, fiberglass, polypropylene and others. Carpet tiles are either glued down or come with some version of peel-and-stick adhesive backing. It is _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 3 Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Tiles important that the base or substrate is level to receive TERRAZO TILES the tile. Terrazzo, is a man-made composite material used for floor and wall treatments. It consists of a combination of sprinkled, stone chips like marble, quartz, granite, glass and a cementitious binder such as portland cement, polyacrylic modified portland cement or epoxy resin that is poured into place. Terrazzo is then cured, ground and polished to a smooth surface. Terrazo have the following advantages: 1. Durable 2. Dense 3. Water resistant due to its low moisture absorbency 4. Easy to maintain Terrazo have the following disadvantages: 1. Requires professional installation: 2. Hard underfoot and cold 3. Prone to stains and requires regular polishing Carpet tiles in a lounge Source: www.carpetsindalton.com GLASS TILES Glass tiles are made from thin pieces of glass with translucent glaze fired onto the back of each tile. These tiles are usually used as accent surfaces or where easy and quick maintenance is required like toilet countertops and backsplash. Glass tile has the following advantages and disadvantages: 1. Easy to clean: 2. Zero water absorption 3. May be eco-friendly the glass produced is recycled Terrazo tiles Source: New World Encylopedia, 2006 4. More expensive 5. Professional installation is preferred VINYL TILES Vinyl Flooring is made of synthetic materials like vinyl, felt, fiberglass and dyes. Due to it's composition, Vinyl flooring is more water and stain-resistant, versatile, and durable compared to linoleum. Also, it is cheaper and has become a popular option among homeowners. Vinyl flooring may come in sheets or rolls as well as tile with sizes such as 300x300mm or in strips like 125x1800mm. Vinyl tiles have the following disadvantages: 1. Nearly endless color and design options. Printed vinyl recreates the look of natural stone, hardwood, etc. 2. Low Maintenance 3. Water Resistant Glass mosaic tiles 4. Not cold underfoot Source: handyman.com 5. Inexpensive _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 4 Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Tiles 6. Durable: High quality vinyl can last upwards of different-are-homogeneous-tiles-from-other- ten to twenty years but cheaper ones may wear types-of-tiles/ out within five years. Turner, S. (2020, Sept. 15). Ceramic tile history. 7. Stain Resistant: Printed vinyl tiles and sheets Retrieved from https://www.traditionalbuilding. have a clear wear layer that acts as a surface com/ product-report/ceramic-tile-history barrier, protecting the floor from stains and spills. ______________________________________ 8. Safety: Vinyl flooring can be slip retardant. 9. Ease of Installation Vinyl tiles have the following disadvantages: 1. Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC): The chemicals used in the manufacture of vinyl flooring can cause out gassing of volatile toxins 2. Ecological Waste Problems: Vinyl flooring is not biodegradable and does not break down naturally. 3. Sub-floor Damage: The sub-floor must be a perfectly smooth, flat surface to work on. 4. Chemical Stains Wood-patterned vinyl tile strip with interlocking joints Source: https://www.familyhandyman.com ___________________________________________ REFERENCES Cedillo, M. (2016, Feb 22). Ceramic vs. Porcelain. Floor Partners. Retrieved from https://www. floorpartners. com/blog/ceramic-vs.-porcelain Gopinath, V. (2020 Oct 8). Vitrified or ceramic tiles – how to select a tile. Retrieved from https://vincivilworld.in/ceramic-tile-vs-vitrified-tile- difference-choice/ Leigh, W. (nd). How to seal and finish a stone tile. SF Gate. Retrieved from https://homeguides. sfgate.com/seal-finish-stone-tile-30640.html Lewitin, J. ( 2020 July 9). Porcelain floor tile review. The Spruce. Retrieved from https://www. thespruce.com/porcelain-floor-tile-advantages- and-disadvantages-1314703 Riha, J. Your guide to carpet tiles. Retrieved from https://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/rooms-and- spaces/floors/your-guide-to-carpet-tiles Tile. Retrieved from https://www. Newworld encyclopedia.org/entry/Tile TM Tiling. ( 2018, Mar 8). How different are homogenous tiles from other types of tiles. Retrieved from http://www.tmtiling.com/how- _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 5  6. Epoxy paints - have an epoxy resin as a binder PAINTS AND COATINGS for increased resistance to corrosion, abrasion Edited by Ar. Emmanuel Plan, UAP and chemicals. 7. Rust inhibiting and primers especially formulated Paints, stains and varnishes serve the purpose of with anti-corrosive pigments to prevent /or reduce protecting surfaces to which it is applied to provide or the corrosion of metal surfaces. enhance its beauty. Each of these and their 8. Fire-retardant paints - especially formulated with respective types may have different preparation and silicone and polyvinyl chloride or other substance application methods and the performance of the to reduce the spread of flame of a combustible coating may fail if these are not complied with. material. ___________________________________________ 9. Heat-resistant paints – specially formulated with Paint is the solution of a pigment in water, oil, or silicone resins to withstand high temperatures organic solvent, used to cover wood or metal articles 10. Intumescent coatings – swells to form a thick either for protection or for appearance. insulating layer of inert foam when exposed to heat or fire that retards flame spread and combustion PAINT CLASSIFICATION 1. Architectural Paints - air-drying materials applied by brush or spray to architectural and structural surfaces and forms for decorative and protective purposes 2. Commercial Paints - air-drying or baking-cured materials applied by brush, spray, or magnetic agglomeration to kitchen and laundry appliances, automobile, machinery and furniture and used as highway marking materials 3. Industrial Paints – used as corrosion-resistant coatings and high temperature coating Source: interiordesign.lovetoknow.com PAINT COMPOSITION 1. Pigment - gives the paint a color, but also plays a role in its consistency, ease or application, drying PAINT APPLICATION ability, durability and hardness 1. By brush 2. Vehicle - a liquid in which pigment is dispersed 2. By spray before being applied to a surface in order to 3. By roller control consistency, adhesion, gloss and durability 3. Binder - makes the coat of paint retain its structure. and bonds it to the surface to which it is SURFACE PREPARATION applied 1. Previously painted surfaces 4. Solvent - dissolves the paint to make it usable 1.1. Scrape off loose paint and sand smooth and workable at normal room temperatures 1.2. Remove old and fading paint to provide adhesion for the new new coats of paint 1.3. Nail back any loose boards and counter sink the nail heads and fill with putty TYPES OF PAINT 2. New wood exteriors 1. Primer – are basecoats applied to a surface to 2.1. Surface must be clean and dry improve the adhesion of subsequent coats of 2.2. Sand rough spots paint or varnish 2.3. All new wood surfaces must be primed 2. Sealer - are basecoats applied to a surface to 2.4. Putty and fill all holes and cracks after the reduce absorption of subsequent coats of paint or prime coat has been dried varnish or to prevent bleeding through the finish 2.5. Caulk joints around door and window coat frames 3. Oil paints – utilize a drying oil that oxidizes and 3. Interior surfaces hardens to form a tough elastic film when 3.1. Surfaces must be clean and free of wax, dirt exposed to thin layer of air and grease 4. Alkyd paints - have as a blinder an alkyd resin, 3.2. Repair with patching plaster all cracks and such as chemically modified soy or linseed oil holes 5. Latex paints – a binder and acrylic resin that 3.3. Spot prime patched areas coalesces as water evaporates from the emulsion 3.4. Sand old surfaces _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 1 Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Paints and Coatings 4. Metal surfaces 2. Blocking - undesirable sticking together of two 4.1. All surfaces must be clean and dry. Remove painted surfaces when pressed together (e.g., a oil and grease with paint thinner or miniral door sticking to the jamb) spirits 2.1. Possible Causes 4.2. Remove any rust or loose paint by wire 2.1.1. Not allowing sufficient dry time for the brushing or sand blasting. Bare spots on coating before closing doors or shop-coated steel and spot prime windows. 2.1.2. Use of low quality, semi-gloss or gloss paints. 2.2. Solution 2.2.1. Use top quality semi-gloss or gloss acrylic latex paint. Acrylic latex paints generally have better early block resistance than vinyl latex paints, or alkyd or oil-based paints 3. Burnishing - increase in gloss or sheen of paint film when subjected to rubbing, scrubbing or having an object brush up against it. 3.1. Possible Causes 3.1.1. Use of flat paint In highly trafficked areas, where a higher sheen level would be desired. 3.1.2. Frequent washing and spot cleaning. 3.1.3. Objects (furniture, for example) rubbing against the waifs. 3.2. Solution 3.2.1. Paint heavy wear areas that require regular cleaning \e.g., doors, window sills and trim) with a top quality latex paint 3.2.2. In high traffic areas, choose a semi- gloss or gloss rather than a flat sheen Source: https://dreamcivil.com/defects-in-painting, 2021 level PAINT DEFECTS 4. Cracking/ Flaking - splitting of a dry paint film through at least one coat as a result of aging, which ultimately will lead to complete failure of INTERIOR the paint. In Its early stages, the problem appears as hairline cracks; In Its later stages, flaking 1. Blistering - bubbles resulting from localized loss occurs. of adhesion and lifting of the paint film from the 4.1. Possible causes underlying surface 4.1.1. Use of a lower quality paint that has 1.1. Possible causes Inadequate adhesion and flexibility. 1.1.1. Applying oil-based or alkyd paint over 4.1.2. Over-thinning or overspreading the a damp or wet surface paint. 1.1.2. Moisture seeping Into the home 4.1.3. Inadequate surface preparation, or through the exterior walls applying the paint to bare wood 1.1.3. Exposure of the latex paint film to high without first applying a primer. humidity or moisture shortly after paint 4.2. Solution has dried, especially if there were 4.2.1. Remove loose and flaking paint with a Inadequate surfaces. scraper or wire brush, sanding the 1.2. Solution surface and feathering the edges. 1.2.1. If blisters do not go all the way down 4.2.2. Prime bare wood areas before to the substrate: Remove blisters by repainting. scraping & sanding, and repaint with a 4.2.3. Use of a top quality primer and top quality acrylic latex interior paint. coat should prevent a recurrence of 1.2.2. lf blisters go down to the substrate: the problem. Remove the source of moisture, If possible. 5. Foaming/ Cratering - formation of bubbles (foaming) and resulting small, round concave _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 2 Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Paints and Coatings depressions (cratering) when bubbles break in a 7.1.4. Painting over a substrate/coating on paint film, during paint application and drying which mildew has not been removed. 5.1. Possible Causes 7.2. Solution 5.1.1. Shaking a partially filled can of paint. 7.2.1. Test for mildew by applying a few 5.1.2. Use of low quality paint or very old drops of household bleach to the area: latex paint. if it is bleached away, the discolorant 5.1.3. Applying (especially rolling) paint too is probably mildew. rapidly. 7.2.2. Remove all mildew from the surface 5.1.4. Excessive rolling or brushing of the by scrubbing with a diluted household paint. bleach solution (one part bleach, three 5.1.5. Applying a gloss or semi-gloss paint parts water) Rinse thoroughly. over a porous surface. 7.2.3. Use a top quality latex paint, and clean 5.2. Solution when necessary with bleach/detergent 5.2.1. Use high quality paints which will allow solution. good flow and appearance 7.2.4. Consider installing an exhaust fan in 5.2.2. Avoid excessive rolling or brushing of high moisture areas. the paint or using paint that is more than a year old. 8. Mud Cracking - deep, irregular crack resembling 5.2.3. Apply an appropriate sealer or primer dried mud in dry paint film. before using such paint over a porous 8.1. Possible causes surface. 8.1.1. Paint is applied too thickly, usually 5.2.4. Problem areas should be sanded over a porous surface. before repainting. 8.1.2. Paint is allowed to build up in corners upon application. 6. Lapping - appearance of a denser color or 8.2. Solution increased gloss where wet and dry layers overlap 8.2.1. Remove coating by scraping and during paint application. sanding. 6.1. Possibleauses 8.2.2. Prime and repaint, using a top quality 6.1.1. Failure to maintain a "wet edge" when latex paint. painting. 8.2.3. Mud-cracked areas can also be 6.1.2. Use of a low solids "economy" paint. repaired by sanding the surface 6.2. Solution smooth before repainting with a top 6.2.1. Maintain a wet edge when painting by quality latex paint. applying paint toward the unpainted 8.2.4. Quality paints have a higher solids area and then back into the just content, which reduces the tendency painted surface. to mud crack. They also have a very 6.2.2. This technique will produce a smooth, good application and hiding properties, uniform appearance. which minimize the tendency to apply 6.2.3. It is also wise to work in manageable to thick a coat of paint. size areas; plan for interruptions at a natural break, such as a window, door 9. Sagging - downward "drooping" movement of the or corner. paint film immediately after application, resulting 6.2.4. Using a top quality acrylic latex paint in a uneven coating. makes it easier to avoid lapping 9.1. Possible causes problems because high solids 9.1.1. Application of a heavy coat of paint. (pigments and binder) content makes 9.1.2. Application in excessively humid lapped areas less noticeable. and/or cool conditions. 6.2.5. Alkyd paints generally have superior 9.1.3. Airless spraying with the gun too close wet edge properties. to the substrate being painted. 9.2. Solution 7. Mildew - black, grey or brown spots or areas on 9.2.1. If paint is still wet, immediately brush the surface of paint or caulk. out or re-roll to redistribute the excess 7.1. Possible causes evenly. 7.1.1. Forms most often on areas that tend 9.2.2. If the paint has dried, sand and to be damp, or receive little or no reapply a new coat of top quality paint. direct sunlight (bathrooms, kitchens, 9.2.3. Correct any unfavorable conditions: laundry rooms) Do not thin the paint; avoid cool or 7.1.2. Use of an alkyd or oil-based paint, or humid conditions; sand glossy lower quality latex paint. surfaces. 7.1.3. Failure to prime wood surface before 9.2.4. Paint should be applied at its applying the paint. recommended spread rate are better _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 3 Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Paints and Coatings than one heavy coat, which can also 12.2. Solution lead to sagging. 12.2.1. Use top quality acrylic semi-gloss or 9.2.5. Consider removing doors to paint gloss latex paint. them supported horizontally. 12.2.2. Low quality latex semi-gloss and gloss paints can have poor print 10. Surfactant leaching - concentration of water- resistance, especially in warm damp soluble ingredients on the surface of a latex conditions. paint, typically on a ceiling surface in rooms that 12.2.3. Acrylic latex paints generally have have high humidity (e.g., shower, bathroom, better print resistance than vinyl latex kitchen); may be evident as tan or brown spots or paints. areas, and can sometimes be glossy, soapy or 12.2.4. Fully cured alkyd paints also have sticky. excellent print resistance. Make sure 10.1. Possible causes the recommended "cure" time is 10.1.1. All latex paint formulas will exhibit allowed for the paint before it is put this tendency to some extent if applied into service. Cool or humid conditions in areas that become humid require more curing time (bathrooms, for example), especially in ceiling areas 10.2. Solution 10.2.1. Wash the affected area with soap and water, and rinse. 10.2.2. Problem may occur once or twice again before leachable material is completely removed. 10.2.3. When paint is applied in a bathroom, it is helpful to have it dry Alligatoring and peeling thoroughly before using the shower. 10.2.4. Remove all staining before INTERIOR repainting. 1. Alligatoring - patterned cracking in the surface of 11. Wrinkling - a rough, crinkled paint surface, which the paint film resembling the regular scales of an occurs when uncured paint forms a "skin." alligator. 11.1. Possible causes 1.1. Possible Causes 11.1.1. Paint applied too thickly (more likely 1.1.1. Application of an extremely hard, rigid when using alkyd or oil-based paints). coating, like an alkyd enamel, over a 11.1.2. Painting during extremely hot more flexible coating, like a latex weather or cool damp weather, which primer. causes the paint film to dry faster on 1.1.2. Application of a top coat before the top than on the bottom. undercoat is dry. 11.1.3. Exposure of uncured paint to high 1.1.3. Natural aging of oil-based paints as humidity levels. temperatures fluctuate. 11.1.4. Applying top coat of paint to 1.1.4. The constant expansion and insufficiently cured primer. contraction results in a loss of paint 11.1.5. Painting over contaminated surface film elasticity. {e.g., dirt or wax) 1.2. Solution 11.2. Solution 1.2.1. Old paint should be completely 11.2.1. Scrape or sand substrate to remove removed by scraping and sanding the wrinkled coating. surface; a heat gun can be used to 11.2.2. If using a primer, allow it to dry speed work on large surfaces, but take completely before applying top coat. care to avoid igniting paint/substrate. 11.2.3. Applying an even coat of top quality 1.2.2. The surface should be primed with a interior paint. high quality latex or oil-based primer, then painted w/ a top quality exterior 12. Poor print resistance - tendency of paint film to latex paint take on the imprint of an object that is placed on it (e.g., a shelf, table, window sill or countertop 2. Chalking - formation of fine powder on the with books, dishes and other objects of them). surface of the paint film during weathering, which 12.1. Possible causes can cause color fading. Although some degree of 12.1.1. Use of low quality semi-gloss or chalking is a normal, desirable way for a paint gloss paint. film to wear, excessive film erosion can result in 12.1.2. Putting a painted surface back into heavy chalking. use before paint has fully dried. 2.1. Possible causes _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 4 Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Paints and Coatings 2.1.1. Use of a low-grade, highly pigmented cleaning out gutters & downspouts, & paint. sealing any cracks in the masonry. 2.1.2. Use of an interior paint for an outdoor 4.2.2. If moist air is originating Inside the application. building, consider installing 2.2. Solutlon vents/exhaust fans, especially in 2.2.1. First remove as much of the chalk kitchen, bathroom & laundry areas. residue as possible, using a stiff bristle 4.2.3. Remove the efflorescence & all loose brush (or wire brush on masonry) and material w/ a wire brush; then then rinse thoroughly with a garden thoroughly rinse the surface. hose; or use power washing 4.2.4. Apply a quality water-based or equipment. solvent-based masonry sealer and 2.2.2. Check for any remaining chalk by allow it to dry completely; then apply a running a hand ewer the surface after coat of top quality exterior paint or it dries. elastomeric wall covering. 2.2.3. If noticeable chalk is still present, apply a quality oil-based or acrylic 5. Frosting - a white, salt-like substance on the paint latex primer (or comparable sealer for surface. Frosting can occur on any paint color, masonry), then repaint with a quality but It is less noticeable on white paint or light exterior coating; if little or no chalk tints. On masonry, It can be mistakes for remains and the old paint is sound, no efflorescence priming is necessary. 5.1. Possible causes 5.1.1. Forms mostly In protected areas (such 3. Dirt Pickup - accumulation of dirt, dust particles as under eaves and on open porch and/or other debris on the paint film; may ceilings) that do not receive the resemble mildew. cleansing action of rain, dew and other 3.1. Possible causes moisture. 3.1.1. Use of low quality paint, especially 5.1.2. Application of a dark-colored paint lower grades of satin/semi-gloss over a paint or primer containing 3.1.2. Soil splashing onto siding. calcium carbonate extender. 3.1.3. Air pollution, car exhaust and flying 5.2. Solution dust collecting on house body and 5.2.1. Remove frosting by wire brushlng horizontal trim. masonry/sanding wood surfaces; 3.2. Solution rinse, then apply a alkyd-based primer 3.2.1. Wash off all surface dirt before priming before adding a coat of high quality and painting. exterior paint 3.2.2. If unsure whether the problem is dirt/mildew, conduct a simple spot test. 6. Paint incompatibility - loss of adhesion where 3.2.3. Clean off dirt with a scrub brush and many old coats of alkyd or oil-based paint detergent solution, followed by a received a latex top coat. thorough rinsing with a garden hose. 6.1. Possible causes 3.2.4. While dirt pickup can't be eliminated 6.1.1. Use of water-based latex paint over entirely, top quality exterior latex more than three or four coats of old paints typically offer superior dirt alkyd or oil-based paint may cause the pickup resistance & washability. old paint to "lift off" the substrate. 3.2.5. Also, higher gloss paints are more 6.2. Solution resistant to dirt pickup than flat paints, 6.2.1. Repaint using another coat of alkyd or which are more porous and can more oil-based paint or completely remove easily entrap dirt. the existing paint and prepare the surface-cleaning, sanding and spot- 4. Efflorescence/Mottling - crusty, white salt priming where necessary before deposits, leached from mortar or masonry as repainting with a top latex exterior water passes through it. paint. 4.1. Possible causes 4.1.1. Failure to adequately prepare surface 7. Peeling - loss of paint due to poor adhesion. by removing all previous 7.1. Possible causes efflorescence. 7.1.1. Seepage of moisture through 4.1.2. Excess moisture escaping through the unsealed joints, worn caulk or leaks in exterior masonry walls from the Inside. roof or walls. 4.2. Solution 7.1.2. Excess moisture escaping through the 4.2.1. Eliminate the source of excessive exterior walls. moisture by repairing the roof, 7.1.3. Inadequate surface preparation. 7.1.4. Use of lower quality paint. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 5 Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Paints and Coatings 7.1.5. Applying an oil-based paint over a wet 10.1.2. Use of a lower quality paint. Use of surface. a gloss alkyd/oil-based paint in areas 7.1.6. Earlier blistering of paint. of direct sunlight. 7.2. Solution 10.2. Solution 7.2.1. Try to identify and eliminate cause of 10.2.1. Direct sunshine can degrade the moisture. binder and pigment of a paint, causing 7.2.2. Prepare surface by removing all loose it to chalk and lose its gloss. paint with scraper or wire brush, sand 10.2.2. Surface preparation for a coating rough surfaces, prime bare wood. showing poor gloss retention should 7.2.3. Repaint with a top quality acrylic latex be similar to that used in chalking exterior paint for best adhesion and surfaces. water resistance. 11. Vinyl siding warp - warping or buckling of vinyl siding panels that have been repainted. 8. Poor alkali resistance - color loss and overall 11.1. Possible causes determination of paint film on fresh masonry. 11.1.1. Most likely cause is that vinyl siding 8.1. Possible causes was painted with a darker color paint 8.1.1. Oil-based paint or vinyl acrylic latex than the original color. paint was applied to new masonry that 11.2. Solution has not cured for a full year. 11.2.1. Paint vinyl siding in a shade no 8.1.2. Fresh masonry is likely to contain lime, darker than the original. Whites, off which is very alkaline. Until the lime whites, pastels and other very light has a chance to react with carbon colors are good choices. dioxide from the air, the alkalinity of 11.2.2. Top quality acrylic latex paint is the the masonry remains so high that it best type of paint to use on vinyl can attack the integrity of all paint film. siding, because the superior flexibility 8.2. Solution of the paint film enables it to withstand 8.2.1. Allow masonry surfaces to cure for at the stress of expansion and least 30 days, and ideally for a full contraction cycles caused by outdoor year, before painting. temperature changes. 8.2.2. If this is not possible, the painter should apply a quality, alkali-resistant 12. Wrinkling - a rough, crinkled paint surface sealer or latex primer, followed by a occurring when paint forms "skin”. top quality 100 percent acrylic latex 12.1. Possible causes exterior paint. 12.1.1. Paint applied too thickly (more likely 8.2.3. The acrylic binder in these paints when using alkyd or oil-based paints) resists alkali attack. 12.1.2. Painting a hot surface or in very hot weather. 9. Poor galvanized metal adhesion - paint that has 12.1.3. Exposure of uncured paint to rain, lost its adhesion to a galvanized metal substrate. dew, fog/high humidity levels 9.1. Possible causes 12.1.4. Applying top coat of paint to 9.1.1. Improper surface preparation, such as insufficiently cured previous coat. inadequate rust removal. 12.1.5. Painting over contaminated surface 9.1.2. Failure to apply a primer before (e.g., dirt or wax) application of an oil-based or vinyl 12.2. Solution latex paint. 12.2.1. Scrape or sand substrate to remove 9.1.3. Failure to sand baked-on enamel wrinkled coating. finishes or glossy surfaces before 12.2.2. Repaint, applying an even coat of painting. top quality exterior paint. 9.2. Solution 9.2.1. Any rust on the metal should be removed with a wire brush; then an STAINS acrylic latex corrosion-resistant primer Stain is a solution of dye or suspension of pigment in should be applied before applying an a vehicle, applied to penetrate and color a wood oil-based or vinyl latex top coat. surface without obscuring the grain. 10. Poor gloss retention - deterioration of the paint 1. Water Stain - a penetrating stain made by film, resulting in excessive or rapid loss of luster dissolving dye 1n a water vehicle. of the top coat. 2. Spirit Stain - A penetrating stain made by 10.1. Possible causes dissolving dye in an alcohol or spirit vehicle. 10.1.1. Use of an interior paint outdoors. 3. Pigmented Stain - Also called opaque stain; an oil stain containing pigments capable of obscuring the grain and texture of a wood surface _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 6 Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Paints and Coatings 4. Oil Stain - Made by dissolving dye or suspending net/jagrutib22/paintings-of-exterior-and-interior- pigment in a drying oil or oil varnish vehicle. surfaces What color should aI stain my deck? (2017 May 19). retrieved from https://primpainting.com/blog/ home-tips/what-color-should-i-stain-my-deck/ ______________________________________ Source: https://primpainting.com, 2017 VARNISH Varnish is a liquid preparation of a resin dissolved in oil or in alcohol that when spread and allowed to dry, forms a hard, lustrous and transparent coating. 1. Alkyd varnish is the standard all-purpose interior variety with decent protective qualities 2. Spar varnish – or marine varnish; it is a durable. Weather-resistant varnish rnade from durable resins and linseed or tung oil 3. Polyurethane varnish – varnish of exceptionally hard, abrasion and chemical-resistant varnish made from plastic resin 4. Lacquer varnish – Refers to any of various clear or colored synthetic coatings of nitrocellulose or other cellulose derivative dissolved in a solvent that dries by evaporation to form a high gloss film; has moderate water resistance, but it’s sensitive to heat and certain solvents 5. Shellac varnish – spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac flakes in denatured alcohol Source: aboutcivil.org, 2017 ___________________________________________ REFERENCES Ching. F. (2014). Building Construction Illustrated, Fifth Edition. John Wiley & Sons; New Jersey. DIY Doctor (n.d.). An explanation of the various types of varnish and stains – What they do and when to use them. Retrieved from https://www. diydoctor.org.uk/projects/types-of-varnish-and- stain.htm Jamal, H. (2017 May 12). What is varnish and types of varnishes. Retrieved from https://www. aboutcivil.org/Varnishes-Plasters-and- distempers.html Jewitt, J. (Mar/Apr 2000). Selecting a finish. Retrieved from https://www.finewoodworking.com/2004/11/ 01/selecting-a-finish. Paintings of exterior and interior surfaces. (2016 Mar 11). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 7  Ching. F. (2014). Building Construction Illustrated, Fifth Edition. John Wiley & Sons; New Jersey. 12. 1 8 N a ils 4d 6d 8d 10d 12d 16d 20d Nails are straight, slender pieces of metal having one end 1 1- /2" 2" 1 2- /2" 3" 3-1/4" 3-1/2" 4" pointed and the other enlarged and flattened for hammering (38) (51) (64) (75) (85) (90) (100) into wood or other building materials as a fastener. Material Nails are usually of mild steel, but may also be of aluminum, copper, brass, zinc, or stainless steel. Tempered, high-carbon steel nails are used for greater strength in masonry applications. The type of metal used should be compatible with the materials being secured to avoid loss of holding power and prevent staining of the materials. Length and Diameter of the Shank Nail lengths are designated by the term penny (d). Common nails For general construction (2d to 60d) Nails range in length from 2d, about 1" (25) long, to 60d, about 6" (150) long. Nail length should be about 3 x thickness of the material Box nails For light construction (2d to 40d) being secured. Large diameter nails are used for heavy work while lighter nails are used for finish work; thinner nails are used for Casing nails For finish work (2d to 40d) hardwood rather than for softwood. Form of the Shank Finishing nails For cabinetry (2d to 20d) For greater gripping strength, nail shafts may be serrated, barbed, threaded, fluted, or twisted. Nail shafts may be cement-coated for greater resistance to Flooring nails For fastening floor boards withdrawal, or be zinc-coated for corrosion resistance. Nail Heads Cut nails For wood flooring Flat heads provide the largest amount of contact area and are used when exposure of the heads is acceptable. The heads of finish nails are only slightly larger than the Roofing nails For fastening shingles shaft and may be tapered or cupped. Double-headed nails are used for easy removal in temporary construction and concrete formwork. Double-headed nails For temporary structures Nail Points Most nails have diamond-shaped points. Masonry nails For hammering into concrete or masonry Sharp-pointed nails have greater holding strength but may tend to split some woods; blunt points should be used for easily split woods. Spikes For fastening heavy timbers Power-Driven Fasteners Pneumatic nailers and staplers, driven by a compressor, are Power-driven studs For driving into concrete or steel capable of fastening materials to wood, steel, or concrete. Powder-driven fasteners use gunpowder charges to drive a variety of studs into concrete or steel. CSI MasterFormat 06 06 00: Schedules for Wood, Plastics, and Composites  Screws & Bolt s 12.1 9 Screws Screws are metal fasteners having tapered, helically threaded Wood screw shanks and slotted heads, designed to be driven into wood or the like by turning, as with a screwdriver. Because of their Drywall screw threaded shafts, screws have greater holding power than nails, and are more easily removable. The more threads they have per Machine screw inch, the greater their gripping strength. Screws are classified by use, type of head, material, length, and diameter. Self-tapping screw Material: steel, brass, aluminum, bronze, stainless steel Flat head Lengths: 1/2" to 6" (13 to 150) Sheet metal screw Diameters: up to 24 gauge Oval head Cap screw The length of a wood screw should be about 1/8" (3) less than Round head the combined thickness of the boards being joined, with 1/2 to Set screw 2/3 of the screw’s length penetrating the base material. Fine- Truss head threaded screws are generally used for hardwoods while coarse- threaded ones are used for softwoods. Pan head Slotted head Holes for screws should be predrilled and be equal to the base Fillister head Phillips head diameter of the threads. Some screws, such as self-tapping and drywall screws, are designed to tap corresponding female Bugle head Allen head threads as they are driven. Security head Square drive Bolts Bolts are threaded metal pins or rods, usually having a head at one end, designed to be inserted through holes in assembled Lock nut Machine bolt parts and secured by a mating nut. Carriage bolts are used where the head may be inaccessible during tightening. Lag bolts Hexagonal head or screws are used in areas inaccessible to the placement of Castellated nut Square head a nut or where an exceptionally long bolt would be needed to penetrate a joint fully. Lengths: 3/4" to 30" (75 to 760) Cap nut Diameters: 1/4" to 1-1/4" (6 to 32) Carriage bolt Square neck Washers are perforated disks of metal, rubber, or plastic, used under the head of a nut or bolt or at a joint to distribute pressure, prevent leakage, relieve friction, or insulate incompatible materials. Spring-lock washer Lock washers are specially constructed to prevent a nut from shaking loose. Lag bolt or screw Load-indicating washers have small projections that are External-tooth lock washer progressively flattened as a bolt is tightened, the gap between the head or nut and the washer indicating the tension in the bolt. 12. 2 0 Mis c e llaneou s Fast enin g s Expansion bolts are anchor bolts having a split casing that expands mechanically to engage the sides of a hole drilled in masonry or concrete. Molly is a trademark for a brand of expansion bolt having a split, sleevelike sheath threaded so that turning the bolt draws the ends of the sheath together and spreads the sides to engage a hole drilled in masonry or the inner surface of a hollow wall. Expansion shields are lead or plastic sleeves inserted into a predrilled hole and expanded by driving a bolt or screw into it. Toggle bolts are used to fasten materials to plaster, gypsum board, and other thin wall materials. They have two hinged wings that close against a spring when passing through a predrilled hole and open as they emerge to engage the inner surface of a hollow wall. Rivets are metal pins that are used for permanently joining two or more structural steel members by passing a headed shank through a hole in each piece and hammering down the plain end to form a second head. Their use has been largely superseded by the less labor-intensive techniques of bolting or welding. Explosive rivets, used when a joint is accessible from one side only, have an explosive-filled shank that is detonated by striking the head with a hammer to expand the shank on the far side of the hole. Adhesives Common types of adhesives: Adhesives are used to secure the surfaces of two materials together. Numerous Animal or fish glues are primarily for indoor use where types of adhesives are available, many of them being tailor-made for use with specific temperature and humidity do not vary greatly; they may be materials and under specified conditions. They may be supplied in the form of a solid, weakened by exposure to heat or moisture. liquid, powder, or film; some require a catalyst to activate their adhesive properties. White or polyvinyl glue sets quickly, does not stain, and is Always follow the manufacturer’s recommendations in the use of an adhesive. slightly resilient. Important considerations in the selection of an adhesive include: Epoxy resins are extremely strong and may be used to Strength: Adhesives are usually strongest in resisting tensile and shear stresses secure both porous and nonporous materials; they may and weakest in resisting cleavage or splitting stresses. dissolve some plastics. Unlike other adhesives, epoxy glues Curing or setting time: This ranges from immediate bonding to curing times of up will set at low temperatures and under wet conditions. to several days. Resorcin resins are strong, waterproof, and durable for Setting temperature range: Some adhesives will set at room temperature while outdoor use, but they are flammable and their dark color others require baking at elevated temperatures. may show through paint. Method of bonding: Some adhesives bond on contact while others require Contact cement forms a bond on contact and therefore clamping or higher pressures. does not require clamping. It is generally used to secure Characteristics: Adhesives vary in their resistance to water, heat, sunlight, and large sheet materials such as plastic laminate. chemicals, as well as their aging properties. Fastener Type Chart www.boltdepot.com/tools Fastener Categories Wood Screws Machine Screws Thread Cutting Sheet Metal Screws Screws with a smooth shank Screws with threads for use Machine Screws Fully threaded screws with a and tapered point for use in with a nut or tapped hole. Machine screws with a thread point for use in sheet metal. wood. Abbreviated WS. Abbreviated MS. cutting (self tapping) point. Abbreviated SMS. Self Drilling SMS Hex Bolts Carriage Bolts Plow Bolts A sheet metal screw with a Bolts with a hexagonal head Bolts with a smooth rounded Similar to carriage bolts but self drilling point. with threads for use with a head that has a small square used for attaching the cutting nut or tapped hole. Abbrevi- section underneath. edge of a plow to the plow ated HHMB or HXBT. blade. Socket Screws Lag Bolts Eye Bolts Eye Lags Socket screws, also known Bolts with a wood thread and A bolt with a circular ring on Similar to an eye bolt but with as Allen Head, are fastened pointed tip. the head end. Used for wood threads instead of with a hex Allen wrench. Abbreviated Lag. attaching a rope or chain. machine thread. J-Bolts U-Bolts Shoulder Bolts Elevator Bolts J shaped bolts are used for Bolts in U shape for attaching Shoulder bolts (also known Elevator bolts are often used tie-downs or as an open eye to pipe or other round as stripper bolts) are used to in conveyor systems. They bolt. surfaces. Also available with create a pivot point. have a large, flat head. a square bend. Copyright © 2000-2017 Bolt Depot Inc. Fastener Type Chart www.boltdepot.com/tools Fastener Categories (continued) Sex Bolts Mating Screws Hanger Bolts Set Screws Sex bolts (a.k.a. barrel nuts or Mating screws have a Hanger bolts have wood Machine screws with no head Chicago bolts) have a female shoulder that matches the thread on one end and for screwing all the way into thread and are used for diameter of the sex bolts machine thread on the other threaded holes. through bolting applications they are used with. end where a head is desired on both sides of the joint. Timber Bolts Cotter Pins Rivets Machine threaded fasteners Cotter or split pins have two Used to join sheets of metal. with a wide domed head. The tines which are bent apart to During installation the rivet head has fins underneath hold them in place. body is deformed to perma- that prevent the bolt from nently lock in place. Blind spinning during installation. rivets can be installed without Typically used in wood. access to the back side of the material. Head Styles Flat Oval Pan Truss A countersunk head with a A countersunk head with a A slightly rounded head with An extra wide head with a flat top. rounded top. short vertical sides. rounded top. Abbreviated FH Abbreviated OH or OV Abbreviated PN Round Hex Hex Washer Hex Flange A domed head. A hexagonal head A hex head with built in A hex head with built in Abbreviated RH Abbreviated HH or HX washer. flange. Slotted Hex Washer Button Socket Cap A hex head with built in A low-profile rounded head A small cylindrical head using washer and a slot. using a socket drive. a socket drive. Copyright © 2000-2017 Bolt Depot Inc. Fastener Type Chart www.boltdepot.com/tools Drive Types Phillips and Frearson Slotted Combination Socket, Hex or Allen An X-shaped drive. A slot in the head. A combination of slotted and A hexagonal hole for use Abbreviated PH. Abbreviated SL. Phillips drives. with an Allen wrench. Abbreviated combo. One Way Square Star Installs with a normal slotted Also known as Robertson A six-pointed star pattern, driver but can not be drive. specifically designed to removed without special Abbreviated SQ or SD. prevent cam-out and stripped tools. heads. Washer Types Flat Fender Finishing Split Lock A flat washer, used to An oversize flat washer used A washer used to obtain a The most common style of distribute load. Available in to further distribute load ‘finished’ look. Usually used washer used to prevent nuts SAE, USS and other patterns. especially on soft materials. with oval head screws. and bolts from backing out. External Tooth Lock Internal Tooth Lock Square Dock A washer with external A washer with internal ‘teeth’. A square shaped washer. Dock washers have a larger ‘teeth’. Used to prevent nuts Used to prevent nuts and outside diameter and are and bolts from backing out. bolts from backing out. thicker than standard. Ogee Thick, large diameter, cast iron washers with a curved or sculpted appearance. Typically used in dock and wood construction. Copyright © 2000-2017 Bolt Depot Inc. Fastener Type Chart www.boltdepot.com/tools Nut Types Hex Heavy Hex Nylon Insert Lock Jam A six sided nut. Also referred A heavier pattern version of a A nut with a nylon insert to A hex nut with a reduced to as a Finished Hex Nut. standard hex nut. prevent backing off. Also height.