Aging in a Globalized World: Understanding Impacts, Theories, and Nursing Implications PDF

GROUP 1 - NR32 AGING IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD: UNDERSTANDING IMPACTS, THEORIES AND NURSING IMPLICATIONS GROUP 1 01. Demography on Aging and Implications on Health and Nursing 1.1. Global Aging TOPICS 1.2. Aging in the Philippines COVERED 02. Impact...

GROUP 1 - NR32 AGING IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD: UNDERSTANDING IMPACTS, THEORIES AND NURSING IMPLICATIONS GROUP 1 01. Demography on Aging and Implications on Health and Nursing 1.1. Global Aging TOPICS 1.2. Aging in the Philippines COVERED 02. Impact of Aging Members in the Family 03. Theories of Aging and Its Nursing Implications GROUP 1 GLOBAL AGING Loreño Paderog Papa  GROUP 1 BASIC CONCEPTS “Aging is a gradual, continuous process of natural change…” (The MSD Manuals, 2024) An “elderly” or “older” person is a person who is over 60 years of age. (United Nations, 2017) Global aging refers to the phenomenon of a significant and widespread increase in the proportion of older adults in a population, resulting in a shift in the age structure of society. Global aging is a global issue or crisis.  GROUP 1 SCALE AND RATE OF GLOBAL AGING Figure 1. Percentage of Population Aged 60 Years or er by Region, From 1980 to 2050 [Data Source: United Nations (2017). World Population Prospects: the 2017 Revision.] GROUP 1 TOP COUNTRIES WITH ELDERLY POPULATIONS PERCENTAGE  GROUP 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY Figure 3. Life Expectancy at Birth by Region, From 1950 to 2050 [Data Source: United Nations (2017). World Population Prospects: the 2017 Revision.] GROUP 1 MALE VS. FEMALE Figure 4. Distribution of the World's Older Population by Age Group and Sex, in 2017 and 2050 [Data Source: United Nations (2017). World Population Prospects: the 2017 Revision.]  GROUP 1 DEVELOPED VS. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Figure 5. Number of Persons Aged 60 Years or Over by Development Group, from 1980 to 2050 [Data Source: United Nations (2017). World Population Prospects: the 2017 Revision.]  GROUP 1 AGING IN EUROPE It is characterized by a significant aging trend, driven by low fertility rates and declining mortality rates. The aging population is not evenly distributed across Europe, with Southern Europe being the oldest region. The gender distribution of the older population is also notable, with women making up an increasingly large proportion of older people. International migration has had a limited impact on the aging population, and policymakers are facing significant challenges in terms of funding for healthcare, social care, and pensions. [Source: Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine. (2017). In Oxford University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198701590.001.0001]  GROUP 1 AGING IN SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA The fertility rate fell sharply in the 1970s, and the mortality rate has been declining since the early 20th century The under-15 population and total population has grown more slowly since 1960s, leading a decrease in the ratio between the under-15 population and the working-age population. The proportion of older individuals in the total population will increase from 8.1% in 2000 to 14.5% by 2025, and 24.1% by 2050. The median age of the population is expected to rise by 15 years over 50years, with half the population being over 40 by 2050 [Source: Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine. (2017). In Oxford University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198701590.001.0001]  GROUP 1 AGING IN NORTH AMERICA Both countries experienced fertility declines to low and stable levels by the 1970s, with current rates at about 1.6 children per woman Canada and 2 children per woman in the United States. Canada has a higher life expectancy (82 years) compared to the United States (80 years). The gap has narrowed over time but is projected to persist through 2050. There are more older adults (16.1%) than children (16%) in Canada Both countries have high levels of immigration, which helps maintain a relatively younger population compared to Europe. [Source: Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine. (2017). In Oxford University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198701590.001.0001]  GROUP 1 AGING IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Sub-Saharan Africa remains the youngest region globally, with 42% of the population below 15 years and almost two-thirds below 25 years. The median age is 18.4 years. Total fertility rate has declined from 6.69 to 1980 to 4.76 per woman, projected to reach 3.04 by 2050. Sub-Saharan Africa has 46.4 million older people and expected to tripled to 156.6 million by 2050. Life expectancy at birth increased from 36.2 years in 1950 to 57.8 years in 2015. [Source: Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine. (2017). In Oxford University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198701590.001.0001]  GROUP 1 AGING IN ASIA Low fertility and population aging are driving unprecedented demographic shifts in the Asia-Pacific region. In 1970, Japan was the only country in the Asia-Pacific region with replacement fertility. All other countries had fertility above replacement level. Twenty years later, in 1990, only two other countries in the region had joined Japan with fertility at or below replacement level: South Korea and Thailand. By 2022, 15 countries had replacement or below-replacement fertility, in some cases far below replacement. By 2050, 1 in 4 people in Asia and the Pacific will be over 60 years old. (ADB org.) Source: Asian Development Bank: Asian Development Outlook 2011 update GROUP 1 GROUP 1 AGING IN ASIA  GROUP 1 AGING IN ARAB COUNTRIES Arab region were driven by a combination of increasing life expectancy and declining fertility rates in the past few decades. Population in the Arab region is expected to nearly double and a half by 2050, from 281 million in 2000 to 659 million. From 6.02% and will be 15.2% up to 20.66 by 2050, the highest in the Arab region, followed by the Maghreb, the Mashreq and the Least Developed Countries. State of Palestine had the lowest aging population, but is expected by 2050 to be at 10.4 percent. According to the ILO, activity or work rates among those who are 65+ decreased slowly between 2000-2015, (from 8.6 percent to 2.5 percent in Jordan and from 29 percent to 10.4 in Syria) GROUP 1  GROUP 1 AGING IN OCEANIA In Australia and New Zealand, populations are aging rapidly due to declining fertility rates and increasing life expectancy, it is projected to rise from 38.4 years in 2022 to over 40 by 2030. The highest life expectancy at age 60 is found in Oceania for both males and females, at 22.84 for males and 25.68 for females. In 2015, Oceania had the highest percentage of the oldest old, followed by Eastern Asia at 13.0 percent. By 2050, all sub-regions will have increased percentages of those aged 80 and over, with Oceania and Eastern Asia once again leading the way. GROUP 1  GROUP 1 IMPLICATIONS OF AGING ON DIFFERENT POPULATIONS AROUND THE WORLD Healthcare Systems - aging population is the increased demand for healthcare services. Labor and Employment - aging population can lead to labor shortages, particularly in industries that rely on younger workers. Social Security- as the ratio of working-age individuals to retirees is decreasing. GROUP 1 GLOBAL INITIATIVES GLOBAL COALITION ON AGING (GCOA) - they focus on economic growth and market solutions for aging populations. GLOBAL AGING INSTITUTION (GAI) - they focus on research and policy recommendations on global aging. AARP International - they promote healthy aging through innovative practices World Health Organization (WHO) - they implemented Global Strategy and Action Plan on Ageing and Health, focusing on sustainable long-term care systems. United Nations Decade of Healthy Ageing (2021 - 2030) - they focus on changing the perception of aging, enhancing participation of older adults, and improving health services. GROUP 1 AGING IN THE PHILIPPINES Gatela Velasquez  GROUP 1 PHILIPPINES, an archipelagic country located in Southeast Asia, western of the Pacific Ocean. A country consisting of 7,641 islands. As of 2023, the Philippines ranked as the 13th highest population in the world with an over 117.3 million.  GROUP 1 AGING POPULATION GROUP 1 WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE iN THE PHILIPPINES Velasquez GROUP 1 AGING POPULATION According to the Commission on Population and Development, By the year 2030, the Philippines' demographic can be considered an aging population. “The United Nations then can already classify the Philippine population as an aging one. This means those 60 years old and above are increasing,” - CPD executive director, Lisa Bersales Velasquez  GROUP 1 WHO ARE THE OLDER FILIPINOS? In the Philippines, people aged 60 years old and over are regarded as senior citizens. They made up 8.5 percent (9.22 million) of the household population in 2020, higher than the 7.5 percent (7.53 million) recorded in 2015. Velasquez  GROUP 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH, BY GENDER 2015-2020 Velasquez GROUP 1 MEDIAN AGE OF PHILIPPINE POPULATION Velasquez  PROMOTING THE WELL-BEING AND QUALITY LIFE OF SENIOR CITIZENS IN THE PHILIPPINES Republic Act No. 7432, or the “The Senior Citizens Act” 5-year Philippine Plan of Action Republic Act No. 10868, or the for Senior Citizens (PPASC “Centenarians Act of 2016" 2023-2028). Republic Act (RA) No. 11199, or the “Social Commonwealth Act No. 186 and Republic Security Act of 2018” Act No. 8291 (GSIS Act of 1997) Velasquez  ORGANIZATIONS IN AGING IN THE PHILIPPINES Coalition of Services of Department of Social Welfare National Center for the Elderly (COSE) and Development (DSWD) Geriatric Health (NCGH) COSE is a non-government The DSWD is a government agency The NCGH is a specialized hospital organization that provides services responsible for implementing that provides medical and and support to older adults in the social welfare programs and rehabilitation services to older Philippines. They work on health services for vulnerable groups, adults under the Department of care, social services, and senior including older adults. Health. citizens' rights. Velasquez ORGANIZATIONS IN AGING IN THE PHILIPPINES Philippine Medical University of the Philippines Association (PMA) Manila (UP) The PMA is a professional The University has a Center for organization of physicians in the Aging and Geriatric Health, which Philippines. They have a section conducts research and provides dedicated to geriatric medicine, education and training on aging which focuses on the health and and geriatric healthVelasquez issues. well-being of older adults. PUBLIC HEALTH CARE The government provides health care services through the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth), a social health insurance program that covers around 95% of the population. “Importantly, PhilHealth provides financial assistance to its members for medical expenses, such as laboratory tests, medications, and surgeries. Members of PhilHealth are required to pay a monthly contribution based on their income and employment status.” - Vanessa Joy A. Fajardo, LPT - Program Director of Fintech for Longevity Academy Aside from PhilHealth, there are other public health insurance programs in the Philippines, such as the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO) medical assistance program and the Department of Social Welfare and Development Velasquez medical assistance program (DSWD). CHALLENGES OF ELDERLY IN ACCESSING HEALTHCARE Limited healthcare facilities Financial constraints Lack of health insurance coverage Transportation issues Age-related health conditions Health literacy and awareness GROUP 1 IMPACTS OF AGING MEMBERS IN THE FAMILY Buquid Devanadero GROUP 1 Financial Impact Caregivers spend thousands of dollars of their own money when caring for their elderly parents. According to AARP, the following often are sacrificed: Trips or vacations, 54% Dining in restaurants, 51% Personal doctor visits, 24% Groceries, 22% Household supplies, 19% Personal medicine, 18% Children’s education, 9%  GROUP 1 Emotional Impact Excellence in Patient Care: - The intense time demands often cause stress, leading to marital tension, anxiety, depression, irritability, sleeplessness, and fatigue, which can worsen when a parent moves in with an adult child's family due to declining health or other reasons.  GROUP 1 Caregiving Challenges Declining caring culture Employment Education Communication Patience Mindset Reliable Physical, emotional, financial and mental stress Time management  GROUP 1 Health and Wellness A study showed that social interaction and family cohesiveness within the family and with significant others are major elements of a good quality of life among Filipino older persons. The positive impact of healthy family ties in the general well-being of older family members must be passed on to the next generation. GROUP 1 THEORIES OF AGING AND NURSING IMPLICATIONS Alba Daniel Espinosa Loreño GROUP 1 Theories of Aging Set of theories that attempts to explain the complex phenomenon of aging. Studying these theories is crucial for healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, as they play a key role in coordinating care for older adults. It can be broadly categorized into four major areas, which are as follows: - Biologic: Concerned with answering basicTheories? What are Biologic questions regarding physiologic processes that occur in all living organisms over time (Hayflick, 1996). - Sociologic: Focused on the roles and relationships within which individuals engage in later life (Hogstel, 1995). - Psychologic: Influenced by both biology and sociology and address how a person responds to the tasks of their age. - Moral/Spiritual: Examine how an individual seeks to explain and validate their existence (Edelman & Mandle, 1998). GROUP 1 BIOLOGIC THEORIES OF AGING Biologic theories look at how and why living things age from a scientific perspective. They focus on understanding the natural processes that happen inside organisms as they get older, without considering outside factors like diseases or environmental conditions. Types of Biologic Theories: 1. Stochastic Theories: These theories suggest that aging happens because of What are Biologic Theories? random events that accumulate over time. For instance, random damage to cells over the years can lead to aging. 1. Nonstochastic Theories: These theories propose that aging follows a set, predetermined process. For example, certain genes might control how and when aging occurs. GROUP 1 UNDER BIOLOGIC THEORIES OF AGING Stochastic Theories Error Theory Free Radical Theory Cross-Linkage Theory Wear and Tear Theory. Non - Stochastic Theories Programmed Theory (Hayflick Limit Theory) Immunity Theory.  GROUP 1 STOCHASTIC THEORY Error Theory In 1963, Orgel introduced the Error Theory, also known as the Error Catastrophe Theory. This theory suggests that mistakes can occur during the process of protein synthesis from DNA, leading to errors in the proteins and enzymes produced. These errors can accumulate over time, causing each new generation of proteins to become less accurate and functional. Eventually, this accumulation of errors can lead to cell aging or even cell death, as the proteins no longer function properly and the cell's overall performance declines. GROUP 1 STOCHASTIC THEORY Free Radical Theory Free radicals are harmful molecules that are naturally produced in the body during normal processes. Their production can increase due to exposure to environmental pollutants like ozone, pesticides, and radiation. Usually, the body neutralizes free radicals with enzymes or antioxidants. However, if they aren’t neutralized, free radicals can attach to other molecules, especially those in cell membranes made of unsaturated fats, such as in mitochondria, lysosomes, and the nucleus. When free radicals react with these cell membranes, they take over the receptor sites, preventing other necessary substances from interacting with these sites. This harmful process is called lipid peroxidation. GROUP 1 STOCHASTIC THEORY Cross-Linkage Theory The cross-link theory of aging hypothesizes that with age some proteins become increasingly cross-linked or enmeshed and may impede metabolic processes by obstructing the passage of nutrients and wastes between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. (Bjorkstein, 1976; Hayflick, 1996). Cross-linkage agents have been found in unsaturated fats; in polyvalent metal ions like aluminum, zinc, and magnesium; and in association with excessive radiation exposure. Cerani has shown that blood sugar reacts with bodily proteins to form cross- links. He has found that the crystallis of the lens of the eye, membranes of the kidney, and blood vessels are especially susceptible to cross-linking under the conditions of increased glucose. Cerani suggests increased levels of blood glucose cause increased amounts of cross-linking which accelerate lens, kidney, and blood vessel diseases (Schneider, 1992).  GROUP 1 STOCHASTIC THEORY Wear and Tear Theory Weisman believed that death occurs because tissues eventually wear out since they can't rejuvenate themselves indefinitely (Hayflick, 1988). Weisman stated that "death occurs because a worn-out tissue cannot forever renew itself" (Hayflick, 1996). Supporters of this theory point to microscopic signs of wear and tear found in striated and smooth muscle tissue and in nerve cells as evidence.  GROUP 1 NON - STOCHASTIC THEORY Programmed Theory (Hayflick Limit Theory) Hayflick and Moorehead's study demonstrated that functional changes within cells lead to the aging of both the cells and the organism. The study supported the idea that aging results from the cumulative effects of improper cell function and the eventual loss of cells in organs and tissues. This study contradicted earlier research by Carrel and Ebeling, who in 1912 found that chick embryo cells could be kept alive indefinitely in a lab, leading to the belief that cells do not wear out and can continue functioning forever. The 1961 study by Hayflick and Moorehead showed that freezing could stop the biological clock of cells, challenging the idea of unlimited cell division. Instead, they found that the immortality of individual cells is more of an abnormal occurrence than a normal one. GROUP 1 NON - STOCHASTIC THEORY Immunity Theory The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that protects the body from infections by recognizing and attacking harmful invaders. As people age, their immune system becomes less effective, a process called immunosenescence. The immune system has two main types of cells: T cells, which help fight infections directly, and B cells, which produce antibodies to fight invaders. Aging affects both T and B cells, but T cells are particularly impacted. This decline in immune function leads to more frequent infections and a higher chance of autoimmune diseases, where the body mistakenly attacks itself.  GROUP 1 Implication for Nursing Understanding Aging vs. Disease: Aging and disease are different. Not all changes that come with aging are due to diseases. Nurses need to understand what is normal aging versus what might be a health problem. Health Promotion Strategies for Nurses: 1. Encouraging Healthy Habits: 3. Disease Prevention: Quit Smoking Vaccinations Protect from Sun Exposure 4. Managing Stress: Healthy Diet Reduce Stress 2. Promoting Physical Activity: 5. Avoiding Stereotypes: Exercise Cognitive Abilities Daily Routines 6. Cultural Sensitivity: Respect Preferences GROUP 1 SOCIOLOGIC THEORIES OF AGING relate to various social adaptations in the lives of older adults. “a sociological perspective makes an important contribution to our understanding of aging by explicating how social, economic, and political forces shape the aging experience. To a much greater extent than is commonly recognized, aging is socially constructed. This means that the ways in which individuals age are shaped by the existing social structures that they encounter over their life course. Among the important social structures that influence how we age are family systems, state programs and policies, organization of education and work, religion, and health care”. Uhlenberg (July, 2011) GROUP 1 UNDER SOCIOLOGIC THEORIES OF AGING Disengagement Theory Activity/Developmental Task Theory Continuity Theory Age Stratification Theory Person-Environment Fit Theory GROUP 1 Disengagement Theory Formulated by Cumming and Henry in 1961 in the book Growing Old. "aging is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between the aging person and others in the social system he belongs to" “disengagement theory has been criticized for being neither natural nor inevitable. While the theory professes to explain general psychological and social processes of aging, it offers only a one- sided view of the aged, given the significant proportion of older people who do not lose interest in life and do not withdraw from society”. “Up” (2009) J.J.F. Schroots (2007) GROUP 1 Activity/Developmental Task Theory Individuals need to remain active to age successfully. Activity is necessary to maintain life satisfaction and a positive self-concept (Havigburst, Neugarte, Tobin, 1963). By remaining active, the older person stays young and alive and does not withdraw from society because of an age perimeter. This theory is based on three assumptions: 1. it is better to be active than inactive, 2. it is better to be happy than unhappy, & 3. an older individual is the best judge of his or her own success in achieving the first two assumptions. “The Intern” (2015) GROUP 1 Continuity Theory Individuals will respond to aging in the same way they have responded to previous life events. The same habits, commitments, preferences, and other personality characteristics developed during adulthood are maintained in older adulthood (Havigburst, Neugarte, Tobin, 1963). ELEMENTS According to Atchley (1971; internal Structure: such as personality, ideas, and 1989), there are internal beliefs remain constant throughout the life course. This and external structures provides the individual a way to make future decisions of continuity. They both based on their internal foundation of the past. help people adapt to the changing context of their External Structure: such as relationships and social lives and set objectives. roles provides a support for maintaining a stable self- concept and lifestyle. GROUP 1 Age Stratification Theory Society consists of groups of cohorts that age collectively. The people and roles in these cohorts change and influence each other, as does society at large. Therefore, a high degree of interdependence exists between older adults and society (Riley, 1985) Riley (1985) identifies the five major concepts of this theory: 1. each individual progresses through society in groups of cohorts that are collectively aging socially, biologically, and psychologically; 2. new cohorts are continually being born, and each of them experiences their own unique sense of history; 3. society itself can be divided into various strata according to the parameters of age and roles; 4. not only are people and roles within every stratum continuously changing, but so is society at large; and 5. the interaction between individual aging people and the entire society is not stagnant but remains dynamic. GROUP 1 Person-Environment Fit Theory Each individual has personal competencies that assist the person in dealing with the environment. These competencies may change with aging, thus affecting the older person's ability to interrelate with the environment (Lawton, 1982). Lawton (1982) identified these personal competencies as including ego strength, level of motor skills, individual biologic health, and cognitive and sensory-perceptual capacities. All of these help a person deal with the environment in which one lives. The idea of “person–environment fit” was first theorized by Powell Lawton nearly 30 years ago (Lawton, 1983). This concept suggests that it is the interaction between the abilities of an older adult and the particular environment in which they live that create the conditions for overall well-being. Thus, a “good fit” would imply a situation where the older adult was independent and safe because the environment did not “press” upon them, but rather supported them and accommodated their frailties. Lysack (2010) GROUP 1 IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING The sociological theories of aging helps to understand how older adults interact with society, shaping the way nurses approach care for this population. Recognizing the diversity of older adults Personalized care based on life experiences Assessing potential underlying issues Plan activities that are realistic and achievable for older adults Adapting to physical limitations Promoting healthy aging  GROUP 1 PSYCHOLOGIC THEORIES OF AGING Psychological Theories are systematic frameworks or models developed to explain various aspects of human behavior, thoughts, and emotions. The Psychologic Theories of Aging are much broader in scope than the previous theories because they are influenced by both biology and sociology GROUP 1 UNDER PSYCHOLOGIC THEORIES OF AGING Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs Jung's Theory of Individualism Erikson’s Eight Stages of Life Peck’s Expansion of Erikson’s Theory Selective Optimization with Compensation MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS Human motivation is viewed as a hierarchy of needs that are critical to the growth and development of all people. Individuals are viewed as active participants in life, striving for self- actualization (Carson, Arnold, 1996). According to Maslow (1968), as each succeeding layer of needs is addressed, the individual is motivated to look to the needs at the next higher step  JUNG'S THEORY OF INDIVIDUALISM This theory emphasizes personal growth, self-discovery, and the reconciliation of opposites within the self, guided by the exploration of both personal and collective unconscious elements. According to the Swiss psychologist Carl Jung, an individual's personality is composed of the ego, the personal unconsciousness, and the collective unconsciousness. (1) EGO - conscious mind (2) THE PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS - anything that is not presently conscious, but can be (ex. memories that are easily brought to mind) (3) THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS - “Psychic Inheritance” refers to shared, inherited unconscious knowledge and experiences across generations, expressed through universal symbols and archetypes common to all human cultures.  JUNG'S THEORY OF INDIVIDUALISM Archetypes: Innate, universal symbols and themes in the collective unconscious, such as the Self, the Shadow, the Anima/Animus, and the Persona. These archetypes influence human behavior and experiences. The Self: Represents the whole, integrated personality and the ultimate goal of individuation. The Shadow: Contains the repressed, darker aspects of the self. The Anima/Animus: The feminine aspect within men (anima) and the masculine aspect within women (animus). The Persona: The social mask or facade that individuals present to the world. ERIKSON’S EIGHT STAGES OF LIFE Erikson’s theory outlines 8 stages of psychosocial development from infancy to late adulthood. At each stage, individuals face a conflict between two opposing states that shapes personality. Successfully resolving the conflicts leads to virtues like hope, will, purpose, and integrity. Failure leads to outcomes like mistrust, guilt, role confusion, and despair.  PECK’S EXPANSION OF ERIKSON’S THEORY Robert Peck, a psychologist who expanded upon Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, proposed additional stages that further elaborate on the later stages of Erikson’s model, particularly providing a deeper understanding of the psychological tasks and challenges. (1) EGO DIFFERENTIATION vs WORK ROLE PREOCCUPATION (2) BODY TRANSCENDENCE vs BODY PREOCCUPATION (3) EGO TRANSCENDENCE vs EGO PREOCCUPATION  SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION The focus of this theory is that individual develop certain strategies to manage the losses of function that occur over time. This general process of adaptation consists of three Interacting elements. (1) SELECTION, which refers to an increasing restriction of one's life to fewer domains of functioning because of an age-related loss. (2) OPTIMIZATION, reflects the view that people that engage in behaviors to enrich their lives. (3) COMPENSATION, also results from restrictions due to aging, requiring older adults to literally "compensate" for any losses by developing, suitable, alternative adaptations  IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Active Listening: Nurses can engage in active listening and empathetic conversations, acknowledging the patient’s feelings and experiences to provide emotional relief and support. Encouraging Social Interaction: Nurses can facilitate social interactions by organizing group activities or connecting patients with community resources, thereby improving their physical health through reduced stress and better health practices. Counseling and Support Groups: Provide access to counseling services and support groups that offer emotional and practical support, helping patients build resilience and effective coping mechanisms. GROUP 1 Moral/Spiritual Development Moral/spiritual development refers to the process by which individuals develop their sense of purpose, values, and beliefs about what is right and wrong. In the context of aging, moral/spiritual development can be influenced by life experiences and crises, such as illness, loss, or the recognition of mortality. As individuals approach the end of life, they may reflect on their values and beliefs, leading to a greater sense of spirituality and contemplation. GROUP 1 References Meiner, S. E., & Yeager, J. J. (2018). Gerontologic Nursing. Mosby. Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine. (2017). In Oxford University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198701590.001.0001 What are Biologic Theories? Stefanacci, R. G. (2024, April 10). Overview of aging. MSD Manual Consumer Version. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/older-people%E2%80%99s-health-issues/the- aging-body/overview-of-aging World Population Ageing 2017: Highlights. (2017). In United Nations eBooks. https://doi.org/10.18356/10e32e81-en  GROUP 1 References Philippine Statistics Authority. (2022). Age and sex distribution of the Philippine population: 2020 Census of Population and Housing. https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/age-and-sex-distribution-philippine-population-2020- census-population-and-housing Statista. (n.d.). Life expectancy at birth in the Philippines, by gender. https://www.statista.com/statistics/971067/life-expectancy-at-birth-in-the-philippines-by-gender/ What are Biologic Theories? Fintech4Longevity. (2023). The aging in the Philippines. https://www.fintech4longevity.com/blog/the-aging-in-the- philippines Santos, N. (2024, January 9). Philippines may have aging population by 2030: CPD. PhilStar. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/01/09/2324420/philippines-may-have-aging-population-2030-cpd Philippine News Agency. (2023, September 27). PNA article title. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1181314 GROUP 1 - NR32 Thank You! Alba Buquid Daniel Devanadero Espinosa Gatela Loreño Paderog Papa Velasquez