BSINFO_ITEL-202_SLM1.pdf

Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)...

Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM) ITEL 202- Platform Technologies Course ITEL 202- Platform Technologies Sem/AY First Semester/2023-2024 Module No. 1 Lesson Title Computer organization and architecture and data representation in computer systems Week 1–5 Duration Description This module provides a short history of Computers and how become the computers we of the use now and also define the Von Neumann Model architecture and Non Von Neumann Model Lesson architecture. The various means computers use to represent both numerical and character information. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are covered once the reader has been exposed to number bases and the typical numeric representation techniques, including one’s complement, two’s complement, and BCD. In addition, EBCDIC, ASCII, and Unicode character representations are addressed. Learning Outcomes Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes: Learning Understand the basic organization of computers and its common properties. Outcomes Identify, explore, understand, and solve Digital logic and Digital Systems Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Objectives Know all about Main Components of a Computer. Understands Standards Organizations? Know Historical Development of a computer. How Computer Level Hierarchy affect the computer process. Understands the Von Neumann Model architecture? Understands Non Von Neumann Model architecture? Explain different between Parallel Processors and Parallel Computing Explain different between Parallelism: Enabler of Machine Intelligence—Deep Blue and Watson Understand Positional Numbering Systems Knowing how Converting Between Bases. Understand Signed Integer Representation 1  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna Student Learning Strategies Topics Covered for Module 1: Computer organization and architecture and data representation in computer systems The Main Components of a Computer Standards Organizations Historical Development The Computer Level Hierarchy The Von Neumann Model Non-Von Neumann Models Parallel Processors and Parallel Computing Parallelism: Enabler of Machine Intelligence—Deep Blue and Watson Positional Numbering Systems Converting Between Bases Signed Integer Representation This module provides a historical overview of computing in general, pointing out the many milestones in the development of computing systems and allowing the reader to visualize how we arrived at the current state of computing. This chapter introduces the necessary terminology, the basic components in a computer system, the various logical levels of a computer system, and the von Neumann computer model. It provides a high-level view of the computer system, as well as the motivation and necessary concepts for further study. This module provides in addition, EBCDIC, ASCII, and Lecture Guide Unicode character representations are addressed. Fixed- and floating-point representation are also introduced. Codes for data recording and error detection and correction are covered briefly. Codes for data transmission and recording are described in a special “Focus On” section. by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company) THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER Although it is difficult to distinguish between the ideas belonging to computer organization and those ideas belonging to computer architecture, it is impossible to say where hardware issues end and software issues begin. Computer scientists design algorithms that usually are implemented as programs written in some computer language, such as Java or C++. But what makes the algorithm run? Another algorithm, of course! And another algorithm runs that algorithm, and so on until you get down to the machine level, which can be thought of as an algorithm implemented as an electronic device. Principle of Equivalence of Hardware and Software: Any task done by software can also be done using hardware, and any operation performed directly by hardware can be done using software. A special-purpose computer can be designed to perform any task, such as word processing, budget analysis, or playing a friendly game of Tetris. 2  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna Equivalence of Hardware and Software tells us that we have a choice. Our knowledge of computer organization and architecture will help us to make the best choice. We begin our discussion of computer hardware by looking at the components necessary to build a computing system. At the most basic level, a computer is a device consisting of three pieces: 1. A processor to interpret and execute programs. 2. A memory to store both data and programs. 3. A mechanism for transferring data to and from the outside world FIGURE 1.1 A Typical Computer Advertisement The computer field is no exception. For computer people to tell each other how big something is, or how fast something is, they must use the same units of measure. The common prefixes used with computers are given in Table 1.1. Back in the 1960s, someone decided that because the powers of 2 were close to the powers of 10, the same prefix names could be used for both. For example, 2 10 is close to 10 3, so “kilo” is used to refer to them both. A Look Inside a Computer Have you ever wondered what the inside of a computer really looks like? However, opening a computer and attempting to find and identify the various pieces can be frustrating, even if you are familiar with the components and their functions. 3  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna Tablet Computers A touchscreen dominates the real estate of all portable devices. For consumer tablets and phones, touchscreens come in two general types: resistive and capacitive. Resistive touchscreens respond to the pressure of a finger or a stylus. Capacitive touchscreens react to the electrical properties of the human skin. Resistive screens are less sensitive than capacitive screens, but they provide higher resolution. Unlike resistive screens, capacitive screens support multi touch, which is the ability to detect the simultaneous press of two or more fingers. STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS Suppose you decide you’d like to have one of those nifty new LCD widescreen monitors. You figure you can shop around a bit to find the best price. You make a few phone calls, surf the Web, and drive around town until you find the one 4  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna that gives you the most for your money. From your experience, you know you can buy your monitor anywhere and it will probably work fine on your system. Some of these standards-setting organizations are ad hoc trade associations or consortia made up of industry leaders. As you continue your studies in computer organization and architecture, you will encounter specifications formulated by these groups, so you should know something about them. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is an organization dedicated to the advancement of the professions of electronic and computer engineering. The IEEE actively promotes the interests of the worldwide engineering community by publishing an array of technical literature. International Telecommunications Union (ITU) is based in Geneva, Switzerland. The ITU was formerly known as the Comité Consultatif International Télégraphique et Téléphonique, or the International Consultative Committee on Telephony and Telegraphy. As its name implies, the ITU concerns itself with the interoperability of telecommunications systems, including telephone, telegraph, and data communication systems. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is the entity that coordinates worldwide standards development, including the activities of ANSI with BSI, among others. ISO is not an acronym, but derives from the Greek word, isos, meaning “equal.” The ISO consists of more than 2800 technical committees, each of which is charged with some global standardization issue. Its interests range from the behavior of photographic film to the pitch of screw threads to the complex world of computer engineering. The proliferation of global trade has been facilitated by the ISO. Today, the ISO touches virtually every aspect of our lives. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT During their 60-year life span, computers have become the perfect example of modern convenience. Living memory is strained to recall the days of steno pools, carbon paper, and mimeograph machines. It sometimes seems that these magical computing machines were developed instantaneously in the form that we now know them. Occasionally computers have even improved through the application of solid engineering practices! Despite all the twists, turns, and technological dead ends, computers have evolved at a pace that defies comprehension. Has the word computer now become a misnomer? An anachronism? What, then, should we call them, if not computers? We cannot present the complete history of computing in a few pages. No longer limited to white-jacketed scientists, today’s computers help us to write documents, keep in touch with loved ones across the globe, and do our shopping chores. How much computation do we actually see pouring from the mysterious boxes perched on or beside our desks? Until recently, computers served us only by performing mind-bending mathematical manipulations Generation Zero: Mechanical Calculating Machines (1642– 1945) Ada expressed her delight with this idea, writing, “[T]he Analytical Engine weaves algebraically patterns just as the Jacquard loom weaves flowers and leaves.” The punched card proved to be the most enduring means of providing input to a computer system. 5  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna The Analytical Engine included many of the components associated with modern computers: an arithmetic processing unit to perform calculations (Babbage referred to this as the mill), a memory (the store), and input and output devices. Babbage designed the Analytical Engine to use a type of punched card for input and programming. Babbage also designed a general-purpose machine in 1833 called the Analytical Engine. A Pre-Modern “Computer” Hoax Empress Marie-Therese of the Austria-Hungarian Empire relied on a wealthy courtier and tinkerer, Wolfgang von Kempelen, to debunk the spectacles on her behalf. One day, following a particularly impressive display, Marie-Therese challenged von Kempelen to build an automaton to surpass all that had ever been brought to her court The mechanical Turk Reprinted from Robert Willis, An attempt to Analyse the Automaton Chess Player of Mr. de Kempelen. JK Booth, London. 1824. The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers (1945–1953) They portrayed their machine as conservatively as they could, billing it as an “automatic calculator.” Although they probably knew that computers would be able to function most efficiently using the binary numbering system, Mauchly and Eckert designed their system to use base 10 numbers, in keeping with the appearance of building a huge electronic adding machine. Pursuant to the Allied war effort, and with ulterior motives to learn about electronic computation, Mauchly volunteered for a crash course in electrical engineering at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Engineering. 6  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna The Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC) was a binary machine built from vacuum tubes. John Mauchly’s vision for an electronic calculating machine was born from his lifelong interest in predicting the weather mathematically. What Is a Vacuum Tube? Vacuum tubes should be called valves because they control the flow of electrons in electrical systems in much the same way as valves control the flow of water in a plumbing system. He knew that thermionic emission supported the flow of electrons in only one direction: from the negatively charged cathode to the positively charged anode, also called a plate. The control grid, when carrying a negative charge, can reduce or prevent electron flow from the cathode to the anode of a diode. The Second Generation: Transistorized Computers (1954–1965) Nevertheless, a plethora of computer makers emerged in this generation; IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), and Univac (now Unisys) dominated the industry. Because transistors consume less power than vacuum tubes, are smaller, and work more reliably, the circuitry in computers consequently became smaller and more reliable. What Is a Transistor? The resulting peaks and valleys of P- and N-type material form microscopic electronic components, including transistors, that behave just like larger versions fashioned from discrete components, except that they run a lot faster and consume a small fraction of the power. So if you add a small amount of aluminum to silicon, the silicon ends up with a slight imbalance in its outer electron shell, and therefore attracts electrons from any pole that has a negative potential (an excess of electrons). If the poles are reversed, that is, if we apply a negative potential to the N-type material and a positive potential to the P-type material, no current will flow. 7  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna In other words, if we apply a positive potential to N-type material, electrons will flow from the negative pole to the positive pole. The base in a transistor works just like the control grid in a triode tube: Small changes in the current at the base of a transistor result in a large electron flow from the emitter to the collector The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit Computers (1965– 1980) Six months later, Robert Noyce (who had also been working on integrated circuit design) created a similar device using silicon instead of germanium. Early ICs allowed dozens of transistors to exist on a single silicon chip that was smaller than a single “discrete component” transistor. The IBM System/360 family of computers was among the first commercially available systems to be built entirely of solid-state components The Fourth Generation: VLSI Computers (1980–????) FIGURE 1.2 Comparison of Computer Components Clockwise, starting from the top: 1) Vacuum tube 2) Transistor 3) Chip containing 3200 2-input NAND gates 4) Integrated circuit package (the small silver square in the lower left-hand corner is an integrated circuit) Courtesy of Linda Null. There are now various levels of integration: SSI (small-scale integration), in which there are 10 to 100 components per chip; MSI (medium-scale integration), in which there are 100 to 1000 components per chip; LSI (large-scale integration), in which there are 1000 to 10,000 components per chip; and finally, VLSI (very-large-scale integration), in which there are more than 10,000 components per chip. In the third generation of electronic evolution, multiple transistors were integrated onto one chip. Other useful terminology includes: 8  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna (1) WSI (wafer-scale integration, building superchip ICs from an entire silicon wafer; (2) 3D-IC (threedimensional integrated circuit); and (3) SOC (system-on-a-chip), an IC that includes all the necessary components for the entire computer. FIGURE 1.2 Comparison of Computer Components Clockwise, starting from the top The Integrated Circuit and Its Production The chip is then covered with another layer of both the insulating oxide material and the photo-resist, and the entire process is repeated hundreds of times, each iteration creating a new layer of the chip. The cost to design a chip and create the mask can run anywhere from $1 million to $3 million—more for smaller chips and less for larger ones. In 2005, Intel spent approximately $2 billion for a single fabrication facility and, in 2007, invested roughly $7 billion to retool three plants in order to allow them to produce a smaller processor. Considering the costs of both the chip design and the fabrication facility, it truly is amazing that we can walk into our local computer store and buy a new Intel i3 microprocessor chip for around $100. Moore’s Law Rock’s Law, proposed by early Intel capitalist Arthur Rock, is a corollary to Moore’s Law: “The cost of capital equipment to build semiconductors will double every four years.” Rock’s Law arises from the observations of a financier who saw the price tag of new chip facilities escalate from about $12,000 in 1968 to $12 million in the mid-1990s. THE COMPUTER LEVEL HIERARCHY 9  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna FIGURE 1.4 Levels of Computing as a Service Cloud computing services can be defined and delivered in a number of ways based on levels of the computer hierarchy shown again in Figure 1.4. At the top of the hierarchy, where we have executable programs, a Cloud provider might offer an entire application over the Internet, with no components installed locally. Well-known PaaS providers include Google App Engine and Microsoft Windows Azure Cloud Services [as well as Force.com (PaaS provided by Salesforce.com)]. PaaS is not a good fit in situations where rapid configuration changes are required. Indeed, in any company where staff is capable of managing operating system and database software, the Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Cloud model might be the best option. The general public can obtain small amounts of Cloud storage inexpensively through services such as Dropbox, Google Drive, and Amazon.com’s Cloud Drive —to name only a few among a crowded field THE VON NEUMANN MODEL Today’s version of the stored-program machine architecture satisfies at least the following characteristics: Consists of three hardware systems: A central processing unit (CPU) with a control unit, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers (small storage areas), and a program counter; a main memory system, which holds programs that control the computer’s operation; and an I/O system. 10  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna This architecture runs programs in what is known as the von Neumann execution cycle (also called the fetch-decode-execute cycle), which describes how the machine works The ideas present in the von Neumann architecture have been extended so that programs and data stored in a slow-to-access storage medium, such as a hard disk, can be copied to a fast-access, volatile storage medium such as RAM prior to execution. This architecture has also been streamlined into what is currently called the system bus model, which is shown in Figure 1.6. The data bus moves data from main memory to the CPU registers (and vice versa). Contains a single path, either physically or logically, between the main memory system and the control unit of the CPU, forcing alternation of instruction and execution cycles. fetch-decode-execute cycle: One iteration of the cycle is as follows The control unit fetches the next program instruction from the memory, using the program counter to determine where the instruction is located. The instruction is decoded into a language the ALU can understand. Any data operands required to execute the instruction are fetched from memory and placed in registers in the CPU. The ALU executes the instruction and places the results in registers or memory FIGURE 1.5 The von Neumann Architecture FIGURE 1.6 The Modified von Neumann Architecture, Adding a System Bus 11  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna Other enhancements to the von Neumann architecture include using index registers for addressing, adding floating-point data, using interrupts and asynchronous I/O, adding virtual memory, and adding general registers NON–VON NEUMANN MODELS A number of different subfields fall into the non–von Neumann category, including neural networks (using ideas from models of the brain as a computing paradigm) implemented in silicon, cellular automata, cognitive computers (machines that learn by experience rather than through programming, including IBM’s SyNAPSE computer, a machine that models the human brain), quantum computation (a combination of computing and quantum physics), dataflow computation, and parallel computers. Other non–von Neumann computers include digital signal processors (DSPs) and media processors, which can execute a single instruction on a set of data (instead of executing a single instruction on a single piece of data). For example, an architecture that does not store programs and data in memory or does not process a program sequentially would be considered a non–von Neumann machine. PARALLEL PROCESSORS AND PARALLEL COMPUTING To summarize, parallel processing refers to a collection of different architectures, from multiple separate computers working together, to multiple processors sharing memory, to multiple cores integrated onto the same chip. In this regard, perhaps it is more appropriate to say that parallel processing exhibits “non–von Neumannness.” Regardless of how parallel processors are classified, parallel computing allows us to multitask and to solve larger and more complex problems, and is driving new research in various software tools and programming. 12  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna However, many argue that parallel processing computers contain CPUs, use program counters, and store both programs and data in main memory, which makes them more like an extension to the von Neumann architecture rather than a departure from it; these people view parallel processing computers as sets of cooperating von Neumann machines. But what is a core? Instead of a single processing unit in an integrated circuit (as found in typical von Neumann machines), independent multiple cores are “plugged in” and run in parallel. PARALLELISM: ENABLER OF MACHINE INTELLIGENCE —DEEP BLUE AND WATSON Watson’s designers, therefore, approached the situation just as a human being would: Watson “learned” by consuming terabytes of unstructured data from thousands of news sources, journals, and books. Watson was then given 25,000 test case scenarios and 1500 real-life cases from which it demonstrated that it had gained the ability to derive meaning from the mountain of complex medical data, some of which was in informal natural language—such as doctors’ notes, patient records, medical annotations, and clinical feedback. It is evident by our sidebar on the Mechanical Turk that chess playing has long been considered the ultimate demonstration of a “thinking machine.” The chess-board is a battlefield where human can meet machine on more-or-less equal terms—with the human always having the edge, of course. Beginning in 2011, IBM, WellPoint, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center set Watson to work absorbing more than 600,000 pieces of medical evidence, and two million pages of text from 42 medical journals and oncology research documents. INTRODUCTION The organization of any computer depends considerably on how it represents numbers, characters, and control information. The converse is also true: Standards and conventions established over the years have determined certain aspects of computer organization. This chapter describes the various ways in which computers can store and manipulate numbers and characters. The ideas presented in the following sections form the basis for understanding the organization and function of all types of digital systems. The most basic unit of information in a digital computer is called a bit, which is a contraction of binary digit. In the concrete sense, a bit is nothing more than a state of “on” or “off” (or “high” and “low”) within a computer circuit. In 1964, the designers of the IBM System/360 13  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna mainframe computer established a convention of using groups of 8 bits as the basic unit of addressable computer storage. They called this collection of 8 bits a byte. Computer words consist of two or more adjacent bytes that are sometimes addressed and almost always are manipulated collectively. The word size represents the data size that is handled most efficiently by a particular architecture. Words can be 16 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits, or any other size that makes sense in the context of a computer’s organization (including sizes that are not multiples of eight). An 8-bit byte can be divided into two 4-bit halves called nibbles (or nybbles). Because each bit of a byte has a value within a positional numbering system, the nibble containing the least-valued binary digit is called the low-order nibble, and the other half the high-order nibble. The computer number system Why we need to study the computer number system? Computer and networking equipments work with binary digits (bits) In the other words, the 2 numbers system (binary numbers system) is what the computers and data communication devices are using for its desings. Bits can be eithers a binary 1 or binary 0 that can represent as the absence (0) or presence (1) of current which flows within a cable wire or circuitry in the computers system In switching system application , 1 can be an ON state, while 0 can be an OFF State. In writing the PROGRAMMING LOGICAL or ALGORITHM, 1 can be Interpreted as true or yes, while 0 can be intrepreted as false or no. Internet Protocol (IP) addresses are usually written as dotted-decimal numbers separated by period (dots) each representing an octet so that we can read them easily. Knowing and learning binary numbers and and how they relate to decimal and hexadecimal numbers are critical to understanding successfully the network routing, IP addresses ,subnets, and computer circuitry. Presenting the binary numbers systems Decimal numbers sytem A decimal number can be expresses as the sum od each digit times a power ot ten expanded notation. With decimal fraction, this can be expressed also in expanded notation. However the value at the right side of the decimal point are the negative power of ten 14  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna Binary to decimal numbers conversion Binary numbers can be converted into decimal numbers using an expanded notation in base 2 instead od base 10 (1n the case of decimal numbers). Example: 1). 102 = 1 x 2 1 + 0 x 2 0 =2+0 = 2 10 2). 1102 = 1 x 2 2 + 1 x 2 1 + 0 x 2 0 =4+2+0 = 6 10 3). 11112 = 1 x 2 3 + 1 x 2 2 + 1 x 2 1 + 1 x 2 0 =8+4+2+1 = 15 10 Decimal to binary numbers conversion Decimal numbers can be converted into binary numbers by dividing it by 2. the remainder are considered as its binary equivalent by reading it upward or the last remainder is the first to be read. You have to neglect the numbers after the decimal point in the quotient. Example 1 15  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna Example 2 Example 3 The octal number system The Octal Number System has eight basic digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. It is a base 8 number system. It is used to conserve memory storage location of the computer system by grouping the binary digits into three. Meaning, 3 bits is equivalent to 1 octal number. Decimal to octal number conversion 16  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna To convert decimal number into octal number, first we divide the decimal number by 8. then we have to take note the remainder after each computation of division operation. The computation process will stop when the quotient becomes 0. again, we have to read the remainders in upward direction or the last number is to be the read first. Example 1 Example 2 Octal to decimal number conversion To convert octal number to decimal number, we have to multiply each octal number by it positional value. The we sup up all the resulting products. Example 1 1) 148 = 1 x 81 + 4 x 80 =8+4 = 1210 Example 2 2) 2308 = 2 x 82 + 3 x 81 + 0 x 80 = 128 + 24 + 0 = 15210 OCTAL TO BINARY NUMBER CONVERSION 17  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna Using the given table below, we can convert octal number to its equivalent binary number. Each octal number must be converted one at a time by its equivalent binary number. CONVERSION TABLE Example 1 1) 368 = CONVERT 3 🡪 0112 CONVERT 6 🡪 1102 = 0111102 Example 2 2) 1428 = CONVERT 1 🡪 0012 CONVERT 4 🡪 1002 CONVERT 2 🡪 0102 = 0011000102 Example 2 3) 75.038 = CONVERT 7 🡪 1112 18  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna CONVERT 5 🡪 1012 CONVERT 0 🡪 0002 CONVERT 3 🡪 0112 = 111101.0000112 OTHER SOLUTION We can solve this octal to binary conversion by using the following technique: To be able to convert 78 in binary, we turn ON (or set to 1) the numbers that will sum up to 7. Example Example 2 Hexadecimal System Hexadecimal System uses 16 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F And thus the base is 16. Hexadecimal numbers are compact and easy to read. 19  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna It is very easy to convert numbers from binary system to hexadecimal system and vice-versa, every nibble (4 bits) can be converted to a hexadecimal digit using this table: Hexadecimal System cont. There is a convention to add "h" in the end of a hexadecimal number, this way we can determine that 5Fh is a hexadecimal number with decimal value of 95. We also add "0" (zero) in the beginning of hexadecimal numbers that begin with a letter (A..F), for example 0E120h. The hexadecimal number 1234h is equal to decimal value of 4660: Converting from Decimal System to Any Other In order to convert from decimal system, to any other system, it is required to divide the decimal value by the base of the desired system, each time you should remember the result and keep the remainder, the divide process continues until the result is zero. 20  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna The remainders are then used to represent a value in that system. Let's convert the value of 39 (base 10) to Hexadecimal System (base 16): As you see we got this hexadecimal number: 27h. All remainders were below 10 in the above example, so we do not use any letters Signed Numbers There is no way to say for sure whether the hexadecimal byte 0FFh is positive or negative, it can represent both decimal value "255" and "- 1". 8 bits can be used to create 256 combinations (including zero), so we simply presume that first 128 combinations (0..127) will represent positive numbers and next 128 combinations (128..256) will represent negative numbers. In order to get "- 5", we should subtract 5 from the number of combinations (256), so it we'll get: 256 - 5 = 251. Using this complex way to represent negative numbers has some meaning, in math when you add "- 5" to "5" you should get zero. This is what happens when processor adds two bytes 5 and 251, the result gets over 255, because of the overflow processor gets zero! 21  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna When combinations 128..256 are used the high bit is always 1, so this maybe used to determine the sign of a number. Terms to Remember: The same principle is used for words (16 bit values), 16 bits create 65536 combinations, first 32768 combinations (0..32767) are used to represent positive numbers, and next 32768 combinations (32767..65535) represent negative numbers Terms to Remember: International Telecommunications Union (ITU) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) IC Transitor Components chip machine memory data neumann system architecture Moore’s Law Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) This learning activity will help attain the intended learning outcomes of this module and will solidify the objectives of the module. Direction: Answer the following questions. The length of discussion is limited Engaging Activities to 3-5 sentences is enough to briefly elucidate your thoughts. Here are the following guide questions Identify the components of a system unit and give their Corresponding functions. a. Identify the components of a system unit; 22  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna b. Describe the function of each component of a system unit 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Performance Tasks 23  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna PERFORMANCE TASK 1 The Binary Number System Quiz Multiple choices Answer the following Question and circle your answer. 1. Which of the following is not a positional number system? A. Roman Number System B. Octal Number System C. Binary Number System D. Hexadecimal Number System 2. The value of radix in binary number system is _____________ A. 8 B. 2 C. 10 D. 1 3. The binary equivalent of the decimal number 10 is __________ A) 0010 B) 10 C) 1010 D) 010 4. A computer language that is written in binary codes only is _____ A) Machine language B) C C) C# D) pascal 5. The octal equivalent of 001100101.001010 is ______ A) 624.12 B) 145.12 C) 154.12 D) 145.21 6. The input hexadecimal representation of 1110 is _______________ A) 0111 B) E C) 15 D) 14 7. Convert the binary equivalent 10101 to its decimal equivalent. A) 21 B) 12 C) 22 D) 31 24  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna 8. Which of the following is not a binary number? A) 1111 B) 101 C) 11E D) 000 9. Which of the following is the correct representation of a binary number? A) (124)2 B) 1110 C) (110)2 D) (000)2 10. What could be the maximum value of a single digit in an octal number system? A) 8 B) 7 C) 6 D) 5 11. Convert the hexadecimal into binary 1AFD5h ? A) 000110101111110101012 B) 101001011111100010102 C) 01010101001110101102 D) 00011010111111010102 12. Convert the hexadecimal into binary numbers 859ACh ? A) 000110101111110101012 B) 01010101001110101102 C) 10000101100111100012 D) 100001011001101011002 13. Convert the Octal number into binary numbers 70.5608 ? A) 111000.1010000002 B) 111000.1011101112 C) 111000.101110002 D) 111101.101110002 14. Convert the Octal number into binary numbers 33128? A) 1101100010102 B) 1111101010102 C) 1101111110102 D) 1101100000002 15. Convert the Octal number into binary numbers 44768? A)1001001110102 B) 1001101111102 C) 1001001111102 D) 1101001110102 25  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna Understanding Directed Assess Rubric for Individual Presentation Score Content Organization Development Use of Language Answer is appropriate to the Clear sense of order. Begins with a Develops each point with many Uses technical or scientific question. Content is thesis or topic sentence. Supporting specific details. Answers question terminology appropriately and 4 factually correct. points are presented in a logical completely. correctly. No major progression. grammatical or spelling errors Answer is appropriate to the May lack a thesis sentence, but Each point supported with some Accurate word choice. No mo 3 question. Content may have points are presented in a logical details and evidence. All important than 2 major errors and a few one or two factual errors. progression. points included. minor errors. Content relates peripherally Logic of argument is minimally Sparse details or evidence. Question Ordinary word choice; use of to the question; contains perceivable. Points presented in a only partially answered. scientific terminology avoided 2 significant factual errors. seemingly random fashion, but all Some serious errors (but they support argument. don’t impair communication) Content unrelated to Lacks clear organizational plan. Statements are unsupported by any Limited vocabulary; errors 1 question. Reader is confused. detail or explanation. Repetitious, impair communication. incoherent, illogical development. Adapted from the Creator: Denise Lim, Biology, Cabrillo College Learning Resources Copyright © 2015 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company/ The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture (fourth edition) author Linda Null and Julia Lobur. -- Fourth edition https://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/kyang/2012/Spring/CMPS375/ClassNote s/CMPS375ClassNotesChap03.pdf https://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/kyang/2012/Spring/CMPS375/ClassNote s/CMPS375ClassNotesChap02.pdf MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer http://samples.jbpub.com/9781449600068/00068_CH04_Null3e.pdf https://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/kyang/2006/Fall/CMPS375/ClassNotes/C MPS375ClassNotesChap05.pdf https://www.elprocus.com/memory-hierarchy-in-computer-architecture/ http://www.ftms.edu.my/images/Document/CSCA0101%20-%20Computing%20Basics/csca01 01_ch05.pdf https://ftms.edu.my/v2/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/csca0101_ch07.pdf J. Andrés Díaz-Pace, / Marcelo R. Campo, /Exploring Alternative Software Architecture Designs: A Planning Perspective © 2008 26  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna 27