BSC1005 Past Paper Notes PDF

Go through primary scientific sources before being published Example of second scientific source: television, reports, article, magazine, documentary, newspaper, analysis, summary, social media, Different types of people Different type of consumption Different types of cancer Steps of scientifi...

Go through primary scientific sources before being published Example of second scientific source: television, reports, article, magazine, documentary, newspaper, analysis, summary, social media, Different types of people Different type of consumption Different types of cancer Steps of scientific method: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. How to make a good experiment - - - independent/dependent variable 8/ MODULE 2: 1/ Organ system: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 9/12/24 ======= Photosynthesis: quang hop Positive feedback loops: don't maintain homeostasis Rare, because they cause big changes Negative feedback loops Reverse changes Return to homeostasis 1. 2. 3. 4. Insulin is highest after a meal → BLOOD GLUCOSE IS HIGHEST AFTER YOU EAT Glucagon levels are highest when your blood sugar is lowest = before breakfast If pancreas stop producing insulin, blood glucose is higher Have no insulin: Increased infection (fungal infection) Blood becomes thicker, sluggish due to excess sugars → poor blood flow to certain parts of body *Type I diabetes:* Autoimmune disease Destruction of the cells in the pancreas that make insulin Usually in childhood - Juvenile No insulin is made/ lack of insulin production by pancreas Treatment: MONITOR BLOOD GLUCOSE ADMINISTER INSULIN Q: What happens if plenty of insulin is made, but the cells COULD NOT RESPOND TO INSULIN? → blood glucose GOES UP If cells just ignore insulin, you get the same elevated glucose and symptoms: insulin resistance *Type II diabetes:* Progressive disease Begins with insulin resistance (can make insulin, but their cells won't be responding to insulin) Muscle and fat cells fail to respond to insulin → blood glucose rise → homeostasis is lost → decrease insulin resistance Both type 1 and 2 get elevated blood glucose MODULE 1 PEARSON ================ Module 1: Science and Nutrition 1/ 1\. Scientists use a general process known as the SCIENTIFIC METHOD to ask and answer questions about nature. 2\. A(n) HYPOTHESIS is a proposed explanation for a set of observations. It leads to predictions that can be tested by additional observations or by experiments. → HYPOTHESIS IS BASED ON EXPLANATION 3\. A(n) CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT involves running a test multiple times while changing one variable, leaving the others the same. 4\. A(n) THEORY is broader in scope than a hypothesis, is supported by a large body of evidence, and generates many new hypotheses. → THEORY IS BASED ON EVIDENCE 2/ Which of the following phrases best describes a theory? Select all that apply. **has withstood the test of time** **broad and comprehensive in scope** has no expectation of truth is the same as a hypothesis is proposed early after an initial observation **supported by a wide variety of evidence** 3/ 1. The type of test that changes only one variable at a time in order to isolate the results is known as a CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT 2\. The one variable that is MANIPULATED by a scientist as a potential cause in an experiment is the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. 3\. The DEPENDENT VARIABLE is the factor a scientist OBSERVES to see the effect of the change made. 4\. A CONTROL GROUP establishes a BASELINE for an experiment. 5\. A NEGATIVE CONTROL is a group in which no response is expected. 6\. A POSITIVE CONTROL is a group in which a known response is expected. 7\. In a SINGLE-BLIND experiment, the researchers\--but not the participants\--know who receives the treatment and who does not, to eliminate subjective bias. 8\. In a DOUBLE-BLIND experiment, neither the participants nor the researchers know who receives the treatment and who does not. 4/ LINE graph Plant height versus distance from a water source CONTINUOUS data Daily temperatures in New York City over 3 years BAR graph Weights of five different dog breeds The scores of 5 students on their final exam CATEGORICAL data (independent variable falls into distinct groups) PIE chart The percentages of expenses in a monthly budget Data showing how the whole **breaks down into parts** 5/ Which of the following would NOT be considered an essential nutrient? **Dairy** Essential amino acids (PROTEINS) Vitamins Minerals The four classes of large organic molecules that are essential to life include \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS 6/ Observational study makes observations without directly manipulating test subjects can only determine correlation, not causation Controlled experimental study deliberately changes one variable while holding others constant can determine causation 7/ What makes one protein capable of a different function than other proteins? The size of the protein determines its function. Different proteins have different active sites. Different proteins have different activation energies. **The amino acid sequence of a protein determines its function.** MODULE 2 PEARSON ================ 1. 2. 3. Muscle cells. Liver cells and cells in the pancreas. Intestinal cells. **Liver cells.** Cells in the pancreas. 4. Intestinal cells only. **Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.** Liver cells and muscle cells only. Muscle cells only. Liver cells only. 5. View Available Hint(s)for Part E The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. **The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.** The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen. 6. View Available Hint(s)for Part F diabetes. **HOMEOSTASIS** negative feedback. positive feedback. None of the above. 7. 8. **a negative feedback mechanism** instructions from the brain a positive feedback mechanism The pancreas is not involved in regulating glucose levels in the blood. 9. **Insulin** Glucagon Both insulin and glucagon 10. Cells of the body would keep on releasing glucose into the blood stream, even when glucose levels were high in the blood stream. Cells of the body would neither take in glucose from the bloodstream nor release it into the blood stream. **Cells of the body would not release glucose into the blood stream when glucose levels were low in the blood stream.** Cells of the body would keep on taking glucose from the bloodstream and storing it. 11. 12. Ineffective enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates in the digestive system. The buildup of protein in the blood. **The failure of cells to obtain sugar from the bloodstream.** The restriction of blood to flow to heart tissue. \[Diabetes can be caused by the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin or the cell\'s inability to process sugar.\] 13. positive complementary **negative** complex 14. Diabetes results from the body responding too strongly to the level of glucose in the blood. **Diabetes results from the body not responding with a negative feedback to the level of glucose in the blood.** Diabetes results from the body having a positive-feedback response to the level of glucose in the blood. Diabetes is not linked with homeostasis. 15. diabetes digestion a positive feedback mechanism **a negative feedback mechanism** \[Negative feedback mechanisms work to maintain homeostasis.\] 16. disequilibrium diffusion **homeostasis** positive feedback \[Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant conditions in an animal\'s body despite environmental fluctuations.\] Animal bodies are able to maintain relatively constant internal conditions, even when the external environment changes. From what you learned in the video, how does blood glucose level change (or not change) in a non-diabetic human? Blood glucose level increases drastically after every meal. Blood glucose level stays exactly the same at all times. **Blood glucose level hovers within a narrow range.** Blood glucose level decreases drastically if you skip a meal. \[Homeostasis involves maintaining a relatively steady state inside of animal bodies.\] What are hormones? They are carbohydrates on the surface of red blood cells that affect targeted cells throughout the body. They are chemicals transported in the blood that affect all cells similarly. They are chemicals that affect cells right next to where they are produced. **They are chemicals transported in the blood that affect target cells throughout the body.** MODULE 3 PEARSON ================ 1/ In a diabetes study, one group of participants receives a new type of diabetes medication, and another group receives a pill that looks like medication but is not. Neither the researchers nor the participants know which group gets which treatment. DOUBLE-BLIND AND PLACEBO-CONTROLLED In a blood pressure study, one group of participants receives one brand of blood pressure medication, and another group receives a different brand of blood pressure medication. Neither the researchers nor the participants know which medication is being given. DOUBLE-BLIND In a weight loss study, one group of participants recieves a potential weight loss drug, and the other receives a sugar pill. The researchers know which treatment each group is receiving, but the participants do not know. PLACEBO-CONTROLLED 2/ Based on the data, the researchers were able to conclude that the new chemotherapy drug is beneficial for increasing tumor remission time. How might have the researchers\' conclusions have changed if they did not have a placebo control group? They would have more confidence in their conclusion because they would have spent less time and money administering the control group. **They would have less confidence in their conclusion because they would be unsure if the drug was actually having a benefit or if it was just the placebo effect.** They would have less confidence in their conclusion because they would not know whether patients would be able to afford the new drug or not. They would have more confidence in their conclusion because they would have demonstrated that the drug worked with fewer participants. 3/ A patient is chosen for CAR-T therapy. Prior to modified T-cell infusion, his blood is sampled and his T-cell count is high. Which of the following would likely be best for the next step in his treatment? Radiation Surgery Immediate CAR-T therapy **Chemotherapy** 4/ A 38-year-old woman is diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. As it currently stands, is she a candidate for CAR-T therapy? Yes, and she should begin treatment immediately. **Yes, but only if standard treatments fail.** No, CAR-T has only been approved for children. No, CAR-T has not been approved for lymphoma. 5/ Which of the following cancer treatments is most like CAR-T? **The drug Ipilimumab, immunotherapy for melanoma** Consumption of turkey tail mushrooms, an alternative medicine therapy Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy Microscopic surgery 6/ Which of the following makes CAR-T unique? It works on all types of cancer. There are no side effects. **It is designed for each individual patient.** While there may be side effects, the treatment has not shown to be fatal. 7/ As a molecular biologist working for a major pharmaceutical company, you are assigned to develop a way to decrease the cost of CAR-T. Which of the following would be best for you to focus on? Reducing the cost of extracting the T-cells. Reducing the cost of injecting the T-cells. **Reducing the cost of genetically altering the T-cells.** Reducing the cost of eliminating the active T-cells. 7/ According to the video, what rare disease suddenly became much more common in the 1950s? the common cold **lung cancer** the flu HIV/AIDS emphysema In the study described in the video by Sir Richard Peto, the effects of smoking on one particular group of people captured everyone's attention about the dangers of cigarettes. Who was this group of people? factory workers lawyers **doctors** research scientists politicians In the video, Sir Richard Peto says the information that "smoking kills" and "smokers die younger" doesn't provide enough detail. He points out that smoking kills \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and smokers die \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ younger. **1 person in 2; 10 years** 1 person in 100; 6 months 1 person in 10; 5 years 1 person in 50; 2 years What is the key feature that characterizes emphysema? more surface area in the lungs lungs that work far more efficiently at supplying oxygen to the body increased clusters of small alveoli **much less surface area in the lungs** Emphysema can lead to larger, pouch-like alveoli. Why is this a problem? Larger alveoli have too much surface area and provide too much oxygen. **Larger, pouch-like alveoli translate to less total surface area for transporting oxygen into the bloodstream.** Larger alveoli take up too much room in the chest cavity. It is actually not a problem, since larger alveoli have more surface area. A person with emphysema usually has less energy and less strength than a healthy person. Why? He or she has to work harder to maintain the increased surface area created by the disease. He or she must smoke more cigarettes in order to obtain enough nicotine to maintain his or her energy. **He or she is not getting enough oxygen to all of the cells in the body.** People who smoke generally do not consume enough food. There is a strong link between smoking and emphysema -- nearly 97% of people with emphysema were heavy smokers at some time in their life. Given that fact, which of the following statements is the most accurate? This proves that smoking is the only cause of emphysema. **Choosing not to smoke will probably decrease your chances of having emphysema.** People with emphysema have stronger nicotine addictions than people without emphysema. Emphysema must be caused by an additive that tobacco companies have put in cigarettes. 8/ Rank these three cancer types from the most deadly to the least deadly. Most deadly: LUNG CANCER Middle: BREAST CANCER Least deadly: PROSTATE CANCER 9/ Use the data table and your knowledge of cancer to identify which statements are true. Select all that apply. Lung cancer is more deadly than cancer of the pancreas. **The combined survivability of all types of cancer is about 65%.** Cancers with higher numbers of cases will have higher deadliness percentages. **Reducing risk factors might decrease the number of cancer cases, but would be unlikely to decrease the cancer deadliness percentages.** Cancer of the cervix is the most survivable type of cancer..10/ What is the role of transcription factors? Add a "cap" and "tail" to mRNA Control the modification of proteins **Initiate gene expression** Break apart old mRNA polymers 11/  12/ Evaluate the U.S. News article \"If I Have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 Gene Mutation, Should I Get a Preemptive Mastectomy?\" Using the BIAS test, which statement(s) describe(s) the article? Select all that apply. **The article is a secondary source.** The publisher has authority on the subject matter. The article is peer-reviewed. **The article is written to educate the reader.** 13/ The U.S. News article is a secondary source. How do you know? Select all that apply. **The article is written for the general public.** **The article is based on the data and conclusions of several other sources.** The article is written by the author based on research they conducted themselves. The article is detailed and contains complex terms, statistics, and vocabulary. 14/ 1\. A normal gene that, if mutated, can lead to cancer is called a(n) PROTO-ONCOGENE 2\. A gene that causes a cell to become cancerous is called a(n) ONCOGENE 3\. A(n) is a gene that encodes proteins that inhibit cell division. Such proteins normally help prevent cells from becoming cancerous. TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE 4\. A(n) is a protein that promotes cell division. In excess, such a protein may lead to cancer. GROWTH FACTOR 15/ Which of the following is TRUE concerning benign tumors? Metastasize Are never harmful Are always smaller than malignant tumors **Do not spread to other parts of the body** 16/ According to the American Cancer Society, what is the single best lifestyle choice that you can make to reduce your risk of cancer? Exercise regularly Eat a healthy diet **Don't smoke tobacco products** Take advantage of regular screenings for early detection of many kinds of cancer EXAM 1 (TEST PRETTY SIMILAR TO KAHOOT REVIEW) PAY ATTENTION TO KAHOOT!!! ======================================================================== #### Module 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #### Module 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - → OUR BODIES USE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS EX: body temperature stays relatively constant regardless of the temperature around us - - - - - - - - - #### Module 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9/17/24 ======= 1/ WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE IS LOW, PANCREAS RELEASE **GLUCAGON** When blood glucose levels are HIGH,, PANCREAS RELEASE **INSULIN** 2/ HAS TYPE 1 DIABETES AND HAS TO CARRY JUICE JUST IN CASE WHY? TOO MUCH INSULIN HUMAN BODY REVIEW: ALL CELLS ARISE FROM PRE EXISTING CELLS CANCER: - - - This group of organic macromolecules performs most of the functions in your cells. They are extremely diverse -- scientists estimate you have 80,000-100,000 (or more) different ones in your body. **a. Proteins** b\. Nucleic acids c\. Lipids d\. Carbohydrates What organic macromolecules holds the instructions for how to build your proteins? **a. Nucleic Acids** b\. Other proteins c\. Lipids d\. Carbohydrates PROTEIN About 200 different types DNA KEPT IN THE NUCLEUS C-G DNA MADE UP 4 NUCLEOTIDE (A,T,C,G) PROTEIN MADE UP ABOUT **20 AMINO ACIDS** 1/ mRNA - messenger RNA Produced in TRANSCRIPTION 2/ DNA MADE OF NUCLEOTIDE PROTEIN MADE OF AMINO ACIDS Mrna is used to build protein: called TRANSLATION DURING MRNA: USE U INSTEAD OF T CODONS IS SPECIFIC FOR AMINO ACID A **gene** HOLDS THE INSTRUCTION FOR THE PROTEIN DNA → (TRANSCRIPTION) mRNA (IN NUCLEUS) → (TRANSLATION) Protein (IN CYTOPLASM) CELL CYCLE: INTERPHASE - 90% of the time - (WHEN CELLS ARE NOT DIVIDING) Normal cell functions MITOTIC PHASE - 10% left Active cell division 9/19/24 (TEST PRETTY SIMILAR TO KAHOOT REVIEW) PAY ATTENTION TO KAHOOT!!! ========================================================================= Cancer Cell division Mutation Change in genes FRAMESHIFT MUTATION POINT MUTATION WHAT CAUSES MUTATION? INHERIT FROM PARENTS OCCUR SPONTANEOUSLY IN ONE CELL OCCUR FROM EXPOSURE TO **MUTAGENS (PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL FACTORS DAMAGE DNA)** MUTAGENS KNOWN TO CAUSE CANCER CALLED **CARCINOGENS** CANCER ARE HETEROGENOUS (MANY DIFFERENT DISEASES) - - Some genes code for proteins that inhibit cell division, these are called "tumor-suppressor genes". What would happen if a tumor-suppressor gene was mutated and made protein that could not function? **a. More cell division** b\. Less cell division c\. No change in amount of cell division d\. No cell division at all 9/24/24 ======= INSULIN REDUCES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL, WHEN THEY ARE BACK TO NORMAL PANCREAS TOP RELEASING INSULIN → NEGATIVE FB 2\. Been swamped at work and hasn't been eaten anything → blood glucagon is high 3\. Extra glucose can be stored as GLYCOGEN in muscles & LIVER 4\. GLUCAGON: cause the LIVER to release GLUCOSE 5\. Studying plant growth, which 6\. A GENE: a section of DNA holds instructions for a single protein 7\. A CODON: 3 letter nucleotides what amino acid to put 8\. MITOSIS: where most new cells are made in our bodies 9\. CANCER/TUMOR: Uncontrolled cell division and growth 10\. MUTATION: a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA 11\. Cancers typically cause by mutations in gene in CELL CYCLE 12\. More cell division and more cell division if it's hyperactive or non-functioning 13\. Chemotherapy goes everywhere in the body but kills only rapidly dividing cells!!!!!!!!! MODULE 4 PEARSON ================