Boykin and Schoenhofer Theory of Nursing as Caring PDF

ANN BOYKIN & SAVINA SCHOENHOFER THEORY OF NURSING AS CARING  The most basic premise of the theory is that all humans are caring persons, that to be human is to be called to live one's innate caring nature. Developing the full potential of expressing caring is an ideal and...

ANN BOYKIN & SAVINA SCHOENHOFER THEORY OF NURSING AS CARING  The most basic premise of the theory is that all humans are caring persons, that to be human is to be called to live one's innate caring nature. Developing the full potential of expressing caring is an ideal and for practical purposes, is a lifelong process. ▪ Extract taken from: Nursing As Caring - A Brief Overview of The Theory of Nursing As Caring (Boykin & Schoenhofer)  A Model for Transforming Practice ▪ Numerous articles on nursing values, primary care, nursing education, support, touch, personnel management in nursing homes and mentoring. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42988/42988-h/42988-h.htm  ▪ PATERSON & ZDERAD’S existential phenomenological theory of HUMANISTIC NURSING: “the between,” “call for nursing,” “the response”and “personhood” ▪ SIMONE ROACH’s 6 C’S OF CARING: commitment, confidence, conscience, competence, compassion & THEORETICAL comportment SOURCES ▪ MILTON MEYEROFF’S 8 INGREDIENTS OF CARING: knowing, alternating rhythms, patience, honesty, trust, humility, hope, and courage  Focus and Intentions of Nursing Caring Nursing Situation Personhood MAJOR CONCEPTS & Direct Invitation DEFINITIONS Call for Nursing The “Caring Between” Nursing Response Dance of Caring Persons  FOCUS & INTENTIONS OF NURSING ▪ The focus of nursing from the perspective of the Theory of Nursing as Caring is that the discipline of knowledge and professional practice is nurturing persons living and growing in caring. ▪ The general intention of nursing is to know persons as caring and to support and sustain them as they live caring ▪ Caring is expressed in nursing and is “the intentional and authentic presence of the nurse with another who is recognized as living in caring and growing in caring” ▪ Sensitivity and skill in creating unique and effective ways of communicating caring are developed through the nurse’s intention to care.  CARING is lived by each person moment to moment and is an essential PERSPECTIVE OF characteristic of being human. PERSON AS a process, and throughout life, CARING each person grows in the The fundamental assumption is that capacity to express caring. all persons ae caring ▪ Person therefore is recognized as constantly unfolding in caring. From the perspective of the theory, “fundamentally, potentially, and actually each person is caring”, even though every act of the person might not be understood as caring. ▪ Knowing the person as living caring and growing in caring is foundational to the theory.  ▪ The nursing situation is the locus of all that is known and done in nursing and is conceptualized as “the shared, lived experience in which caring between nurse and nursed enhances personhood” NURSING ▪ It is what is present in the mind of the nurse SITUATION whenever the intent of the nurse is “to nurse” CARING is service that nursing ▪ It is within the nursing situation that the nurse offers and lives in the context of thenursing situation. attends to calls for caring or reaching out of the one nursed. ▪ The practice of nursing and the practical knowledge of nursing are situated in a relational locus of the person being nursed with the person nursing in the nursing situation. NURSING SITUATION Expression of values Intentions Actions of two or more persons choosing to live a nursing relationship.  ▪ It implies being who we are as authentic caring persons and being open to unfolding possibilities for caring. ▪ We are constantly living out the PERSONHOOD meaning of our caring from moment to a process of living that is grounded in caring moment. Within the nursing situation, the shared lived experience of caring within enhances personhood, and both the nurse and the nursed grow in caring. ▪In the intimacy of caring, respect for self as person and respect for other are values that affirm personhood. ▪“A profound understanding of personhood communicates the paradox of person-as- person and person-in-communion all at once”  ▪ The direct invitation of the nurse offers the opportunity to the one nursed to share what truly matters in the moment. DIRECT ▪ With the intention of truly coming to know INVITATION the one nursed, the nurse risks entering the Within the nursing situation, thedirect invitationopens the other’s world and comes to know what is relationship to true caring between the nurse and the one nursed meaningful to him or her. ▪ The focus is on what is meaningful for the one being nursed.  Invitations to share what matters, such as: “How might I nurse “What truly matters you in ways that are most to you at this meaningful to you?” moment?”  ▪ Intentionality and authentic presence open the nurse to hearing calls for nursing. The nurse responds uniquely to the one nursed with a deliberately developed knowledge of what it means to be human, CALL FOR acknowledging and affirming the person NURSING living caring in unique ways in the are calls for nurturance perceived in immediate situation the mind of the nurse ▪ Calls for nursing are individually relevant ways of saying “Know me as caring person in the moment and be with me as I try to live fully who I truly am.”  ▪ When the nurse enters the world of the other person with the intention of knowing the other as a caring person, the encountering of the nurse and the one nursed gives rise to the phenomenon of caring between, within which personhood is nurtured. ▪ Through presence and intentionality, the nurse comes to THE “CARING know the other, living and growing in caring. BETWEEN” ▪ Without the caring between the nurse and the nursed, unidirectional activity or reciprocal exchange can occur, but nursing in its fullest sense does not occur. ▪ It is in the context of caring between that personhood is nurtured, each expressing self and recognizing the other as caring person  ▪ This knowing of person clarifies the call for nursing and shapes the nursing response, transforming the knowledge NURSING brought by the nurse to the situation from general, to RESPONSE particular and unique. In responding to the nursing call, ▪ Nursing responses to calls for caring evolve as nurses the nurse enters the nursing clarify their understanding of calls through presence and situation with the intention of dialogue. Such responses are uniquely created for the knowing the other person as caring. moment and cannot be predicted or applied as preplanned protocols  DANCE OF CARING PERSONS ▪ The image of a dancing circle is also used to describe being for and being with the nursed. In the circle, all persons are committed to knowing self and other as living and growing in caring. ▪ Each dancer makes a distinct contribution because of the role assumed. The dancers in the circle do not necessarily connect by holding hands although they may. Each dancer moves within this dance as called forth by the nature of the nursing situation. ▪ The nursed calls for services of particular dancers at various points in time. Each person is in this circle because of their unique contribution to the person being cared for... nurses, administrators, human resources, etc. These roles would not exist if it were not for the nursed. ▪ There is always room for another person to join the dance. this model fosters knowing other. No one person's role is more or less important than the other's. Each role is essential in contributing to the process of living grounded in caring. As each person authentically expresses their commitment in being there for and with the nursed, caring relationships are lived.  MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS Fundamental beliefs about what it means to be human undergird the Theory of Nursing as Caring. Boykin and Schoenhofer (2001a) address six major assumptions that reflect a set of values to provide a basis for understanding and explicating the meaning of nursing.  PERSONS ARE CARING BY VIRTUE OF THEIR HUMANNESS ▪ Being a person means living caring, through which being and possibilities are known to the fullest. ▪ Each person throughout his or her life grows in the capacity to express caring. ▪ Caring values is inborn to us human  ▪ Being complete in the moment signifies that there is no insufficiency, no brokenness, and no absence of something. ▪ Wholeness, or the fullness of being, is forever present. ▪ The idea of wholeness does not preclude the idea of complexity of being. Instead, from the perspective of Nursing as Caring, to encounter a person as less than whole PERSONS ARE fails to truly encounter the person. WHOLE AND COMPLETE IN THE MOMENT  ▪ Caring is a lifetime process that is lived moment to moment and is constantly unfolding. ▪ In the rhythm of life experiences, we continually develop expressions of ourselves as caring PERSONS LIVE persons. ▪ As competency in caring is developed through CARING life, we come to understand what it means to be a caring person, to live caring, and to nurture MOMENT TO each other as caring. MOMENT ▪ This awareness of self as a caring person brings forth to consciousness the valuing of caring and becomes the moral imperative, directing the “oughts” of actions with the persistent question, “How ought I act as caring person?”  ▪ Personhood is a process of living caring and growing in PERSONHOOD IS caring: It is being authentic, demonstrating congruence LIVING LIFE between beliefs and behaviors, and living out the meaning of one’s life. GROUNDED IN ▪ Personhood acknowledges the potential for unfolding CARING caring possibilities moment to moment. ▪ From the perspective of Nursing as Caring, personhood is the universal human call. This implies that the fullness of being human is expressed in living caring uniquely day to day and is enhanced through participation in caring relationships  PERSONHOOD IS ENHANCED THROUGH PARTICIPATING IN NURTURING ▪ As a process, personhood acknowledges the potential of persons to RELATIONSHIPS WITH live caring and is enhanced through participation in nurturing CARING OTHERS relationships with caring others. The nature of relationships is transformed through caring. ▪ Caring is living in the context of relational responsibilities and possibilities, and it acknowledges the importance of knowing person as person. “Through knowing self as caring person, I am able to be authentic to self, freeing me to truly be with others”  ▪ As a discipline, nursing is a way of knowing, being, valuing, and living in the world, and is envisaged as a unity of knowledge within a larger unity. The discipline of nursing attends to the discovery, creation, development, and refinement of knowledge needed for the practice of nursing. ▪ The profession of nursing attends to the application of that knowledge in response to human needs. ▪ As a human science, knowing nursing means knowing in the NURSING IS BOTH realms of personal, empirical, ethical, and aesthetic all at once (Carper, 1978; Phenix, 1964). These patterns of knowing provide DISCIPLINE AND A an organizing framework for asking epistemological questions of caring in nursing. PROFESSION  Persons are caring by virtue of their humanness Persons are whole and complete in the moment PERSON Persons live caring, moment to moment Personhood is living life grounded in caring HEALTH METAPARADIGMS Personhood is enhanced through participating in nurturing relationships with caring others ENVIRONMENT Nursing is both a discipline and a profession NURSING  REFERENCES ▪ https://library.stritch.edu/Guides/Resear ch/Subject-Resources/Nursing-Theorists- Boykin-and-Schoenhofer ▪ https://nursology.net/nurse-theorists- and-their-work/the-theory-of-nursing-as- caring/ ▪ https://www.nursingascaring.com/ ▪ https://nursekey.com/19-the-theory-of- nursing-as-caring-a-model-for- transforming-practice/ ▪ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42988/4 2988-h/42988-h.htm