Bot-Lec-Properties-of-Life PDF

What is Life? - An animal in a zoo displays behaviors such as - finding food, seeking shelter, and avoiding danger. PROPERT...

What is Life? - An animal in a zoo displays behaviors such as - finding food, seeking shelter, and avoiding danger. PROPERTIES OF LIFE 6. Reproduction 1. Order - Organisms reproduce their own kind, sexually or - Organisms are highly organized structures that asexually. consist of one or more cells. Example: Example: - A colony of bacteria in a petri dish doubles the - A student observes that cells in different tissues number every few hours under optimal of the human body are organized into complex condition. structures with specific functions. 7. Growth and Development 2. Energy Processing - Organisms grow and develop following specific - All organisms use a source of energy for their instructions coded for their genes. metabolic activities. Example: Example: - A tadpole undergoes a transformation into a - Photosynthesis frog, changing from aquatic to terrestrial form. - A cheetah runs at high speeds to catch prey and - A seed planted in soil germinates, and overtime, uses energy from its food to fuel its muscles. it develops into a fully grown plant with leaves, stems, and roots. 3. Evolutionary Adaptation - The alteration or adjustment in structure or Organisms are composed of matter habits which is hereditary, and by which species Matter is anything that takes up space and has or individual improves its ability to survive and mass. pass on its genes in relationship to the environment. Element – a substance that cannot be broken down to Example: other substances by chemical reactions. - A group of insects on a remote island evolves Compound – a substance consisting of two or more unique traits over many generations due to different elements combined in a fixed ratio. environmental pressures. Inorganic Compound – a substance that does not contain - A group of microorganisms in a laboratory both carbon and hydrogen. shows variation in traits after exposure to Organic compound – a substance that contains both different environmental conditions over several carbon and hydrogen. generation. 4 MAIN TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES 4. Regulation - 1. Carbohydrates Example: - Include sugars and polymers of sugar. - A warm-blooded animal maintains a constant - The simplest carbohydrates are body temperature despite fluctuations in the monosaccharides, or simple sugars. surrounding temperature. - Disaccharides are double sugar, consisting of - A human body maintains blood glucose level two monosaccharides. within a narrow range despite varying dietary - Carbohydrate molecules are polymers called intake. polysaccharides, composed of many sugar building blocks. 5. Response to the environment or stimuli - Disaccharides: Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose - Organisms respond to diverse stimuli. - Plants store starch, a polymers of glucose Example: monomers - Makahiya Plants - Animals stores a polysaccharide called - A plant grows towards a light source over glycogen. several days. Cellulose – major component of the tough walls that - 10% to 35% of your calories should come from enclose plant cells. protein. So, if your needs are 2,000 calories, that’s 200-700 calories form protein, or 50-175g. - For good health, adults need to try to eat 25 to 30 grams of fiber each day. NUCLEIC ACID - Healthy adult diets should include 45% to 65% - Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, carry genetic carbohydrates as part of the daily intake, information that directs the creation of proteins, equaling about 200g to 300g per day. essential for all cellular functions and processes. - Carbohydrates can be found in almost all foods, especially in plant-based foods. BOTANY - High in carbohydrates: Grains (rice, wheat), - Science that deals with the study of plants and fruits (bananas, apples), and the processes occurring in a plant life. vegetables(potatoes). - Low in carbohydrates: Meats and oils. BRANCHES OF BOTANY LIPIDS Plant Anatomy - Contribute to some of the body’s most vital - Studies the internal structure of plants, including processes. tissues and organs, to understand how plants - Are fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are function and grow. soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water. Plant Physiology - Lipids include: Fats, Phospholipids, steroids - Examines how plants carry out physiological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, SATURATED FATTY ACIDS and nutrient uptake. UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS Plant Ecology - You should get no more than 25% to 30% of - Focuses on the relationship between plants and your daily calories from fats. their environments, including interactions with - Consume less than 10% of total daily calories other organisms and adaptation to environment from saturated fats to reduce the risk of conditions. cardiovascular diseases. Plant Systematics PHOSPHOLIPIDS - Involves the classification and naming of plants, as well as understanding their evolutionary STEROIDS relationships. - Are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Plant Pathology - Cholesterol, a common components of animal - Studies plant diseases, including their causes, cell membranes. effects, and management strategies to protect plant health. PROTEINS - Comes from the Greek word proteios, meaning Plant Genetics “first” or “primary” - Investigating the hereditary and variation of - Account for more than 50% of the dry mass of plants, including genetic modification and most cells. breeding practices to improve plant traits - Some proteins speed up chemical reactions, while others play a role in defense, storage, Ethnobotany transport, cellular communication and etc. - Explores the relationship between people and Examples: Egg, almond, chicken breast, peanut, meat plants, including traditional uses of plants in medicine, food, and cultural practices. Economic Botany - Examines the practical uses of plants in agriculture, horticulture, and industry, focusing on their economic importance.