Pulmonology Notes PDF
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These are study notes on pulmonology, covering introductory topics such as the respiratory system, along with advanced topics such as lung pathology and related diseases.
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AfraTafreeh.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Pulmonology 1. 2. Introduction to the Respiratory System Air 3. Blood 4. Lung Pathology Fundamentals 5. Obstructive Lung Disease...
AfraTafreeh.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Pulmonology 1. 2. Introduction to the Respiratory System Air 3. Blood 4. Lung Pathology Fundamentals 5. Obstructive Lung Disease 6. Restrictive Lung Disease 7. Lung Cancer 8. Lung Pathology Special Topics AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Pulmonology: AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Pulmonology: at least two AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Pulmonology: AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Pulmonology: AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: , ARDS/NRDS (-) Collapsing force Pulmonology: Hyperinflated AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Flow/min: Pulmonary circulation = Systemic circulation Pulmonology: AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Pulmonology: R-L circulation Bypasses lungs Perfusion without ventilation V/Q = 0 Deoxygenated pulmonary AfraTafreeh.com (150mmHg) mmHg PECO2 = Decreased AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Pulmonology: + ↑ in chronic hypoxia AfraTafreeh.com Oxygen binding to subunits displays cooperativity Hydroxyurea → Induces HbF formation to treat sickle cell disease →↑ Affinity for No cooperativity →↑ Only one O2 binding site AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Pulmonology: ←→ H2CO3 ←→ C Produced into venous system at PvCO2 = 45mmHg Solubility of CO2 is very high PaCO2 = 40mmHg intracellularly AfraTafreeh.com → Alkalosis (increase in pH) → Acidosis (decrease in pH) AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Pulmonology: AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Poorly detected Poorly detected a Pulmonology: into blood → Blood always equilibrates with alveolar pressure into blood is AfraTafreeh.com Blood never equilibrates with alveolar pressure o Pulmonary fibrosis: ↑ Alveolar membrance thickness Diffusion Capacity of the Lungs of Co (DLCO): CO is diffusion limited → DLCO measures diffusion capacity ↓ in → ↓ → AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: + PiO Pulmonology: Hypoxemia: ↑↓ PaO2 Hypoxemia with normal A-a gradient Hypoxemia with ↑ A-a gradient o ↓ Gas transfer from lungs to circulation AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: AfraTafreeh.com → l→ → → → → → Pneumonia (consolidation) →↑ →↑ Tactile fremitus → Fluid/air in pleural space →↓ Tactile fremitus AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: or absent or absent or absent Pulmonology: → (now not as common due to Hib vaccine) AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: (45yo with a smoking history Panacinar → ⍺1-Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency → ⍺1-Antitrypsin inhibits elastase Deficiency of AAT →↑ Elastase activity with tissue destruction (lower lobes) Polymerized mutant AAT → PAS+ globules in liver → Liver cirrhosis 25-45yo with family history with/without smoking history Advise patient to not smoke / avoid smoke PAS globules in liver (AAT deficiency) Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease 8del GI tract and lungs: → →↑ →↑ → → →↑ →↑ AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease → → → →↓ →↓ → → → → s → → → → AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Restrictive Lung Disease →↓ R ↑ →↓ →↓ →↑ ↓ FVC and → , rapid → → → →↓ ↑ →↑ → → → → mation →↑ → Pulmonology: Restrictive Lung Disease →E Slow /CT → y→ Repetitive l → + Abnormal BM → → → AfraTafreeh.com → → AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Restrictive Lung Disease (Anthracosis) causes dys →↑ Berylliosis: History of aerospace manufacturing, beryllium mining Inhalation of beryllium → Non-caseating granulomas in upper lobes, enlarged lymph nodes, ↑ Risk of lung cancer → → → Pulmonology: Restrictive Lung Disease Non-caseating g AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Lung Cancer MCC of cancer death Second MC cancer (Breast → MC cancer in women, Prostate → MC cancer in men) T → → Diagnosis: Chest X-ray → Coin lesion Risk Factors: AfraTafreeh.com Cigarette smoke Radon Asbestos Presentation: Low grade fever, weight loss, cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea → Brach lexopathym Horner's syndrome → plethora, upper extremity edema, JVD, headaches. →. → → Exudative AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Lung Cancer → Po Tobacco use Small Cell Carcinoma Histopathology: Undifferentiated Neuroendocrine cells → → → → → → → → → → →C Pulmonology: Lung Cancer → → cinoma → →H Cytokeratin + AfraTafreeh.com → Short blunted microvilli on Em → +/- C → AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Lung Cancer → (tobacco not a risk factor) C , cough Diagnosis: Pleural thickening and pleural effusions Psammoma bodies on histology Tumor markers o Cytokeratin + o Calretinin + Long slender microvilli on EM AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics AfraTafreeh.com → →↓ → → →s → AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics →L → → → → AfraTafreeh.com AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics Pulmonology: Lung Anatomy, Histology and Function Bootcamp.com References Respiratory tree ○ Adapted from “Respiratory tree”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Respiratory epithelium ○ Adapted from “Respiratory epithelium (bronchioles to alveoli)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Alveoli-capillary interface ○ Adapted from “Alveoli blood barrier”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Upper respiratory tract ○ Adapted from “Respiratory system (upper,female)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Lungs and trachea AfraTafreeh.com ○ Adapted from “Lungs”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Bronchiole cross-section ○ Adapted from “Airway (normal)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Bronchiole cross-section (collapsed) ○ Adapted from “Airway (obstructed)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Pseudostratified columnar epithelium ○ Adapted from “Respiratory epithelium (bronchioles to alveoli)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Alveolar histology (microscope) ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Normal_lung_Alveoli_(3678762542).jpg ○ Yale Rosen from USA, CC BY-SA 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Lung Anatomy, Histology and Function Bootcamp.com References Alveolar histology (cartoon) ○ Adapted from “Alveoli cross-section”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Capillary cross-section ○ Adapted from “Vessel cross-section”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Pseudoglandular stage ○ Adapted from “Lung development phase (pseudoglandular)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Canalicular stage ○ Adapted from “Lung development phase (canalicular)”, ”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Saccular stage ○ Adapted from “Lung development phase (saccular)”, ”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Alveolar stage ○ Adapted from “Trachea (with alveoli)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Tracheoesophageal fistula formations ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atrezja.jpg ○ see above, CC BY 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Nasogastric intubation ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nasogastric_Intubation.png ○ BruceBlaus, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Lungs and diaphragm ○ Adapted from “lungs-in-male-torso”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Pulmonology: Lung Anatomy, Histology and Function Bootcamp.com References Intercostals.1 ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Innermost_intercostal_muscles_back2.png ○ Anatomography, CC BY-SA 2.1 JP , via Wikimedia Commons Intercostals.2 ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:External_intercostal_muscles_back.png ○ Anatomography, CC BY-SA 2.1 JP , via Wikimedia Commons Human (side view) ○ Adapted from “Adult female (hairless)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Lungs and diaphragm ○ Adapted from “lungs-in-male-torso”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates AfraTafreeh.com Intercostals.1 ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Innermost_intercostal_muscles_back2.png ○ Anatomography, CC BY-SA 2.1 JP , via Wikimedia Commons Intercostals.2 ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:External_intercostal_muscles_back.png ○ Anatomography, CC BY-SA 2.1 JP , via Wikimedia Commons Human (side view) ○ Adapted from “Adult female (hairless)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Respiratory Physiology Part One - Air Bootcamp.com References Lungs ○ Adapted from “Lungs (right and left)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Pleura ○ Adapted from “Lung Pleura”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Diaphragm ○ Adapted from “Diaphragm (simplified)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Respiratory system ○ Adapted from “Respiratory system (male, with nasal cavity)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Lung volumes graph ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lungvolumes_Updated.png ○ Kapwatt at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Bronchiole cross-section (collapsed) ○ Adapted from “Airway (obstructed)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Bronchiole cross-section (asthma) ○ Adapted from “Airway (asthmatic)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Pulmonology: Respiratory Physiology Part Two - Blood Bootcamp.com References Upper Respiratory Tract ○ Adapted from “Upper respiratory tract (nasal septum)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Alveoli ○ Adapted from “Alveoli cross section”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Capillary ○ Adapted from “Capillary bed”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Generic Cells ○ Adapted from “Rectangular-shaped cell”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Mitochondria AfraTafreeh.com ○ Adapted from “Mitochondria”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Fetal Heart and Normal Heart ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neonatal_Heart_Circulation.png ○ BruceBlaus, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Lung Outline ○ Adapted from “Lung Pleura”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Diaphragm ○ Adapted from “Diaphragm (simplified)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Respiratory Physiology Part Two - Blood Bootcamp.com References Branching Vessels ○ Adapted from “Generic branching vessel 1”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Alveoli-Capillary Interface ○ Adapted from “Alveoli blood barrier”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Trachea and Bronchi ○ Adapted from “Trachea”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Heart Cross-Section ○ Adapted from “Heart (cross-section)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Ventilation Perfusion Scan ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ventperf.jpg ○ Myohan at en.wikipedia, CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Enlarged Vessel ○ Adapted from “Vessel (U-shape)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Fundamentals Bootcamp.com References Digital Clubbing ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dedos_con_acropaquia.jpg ○ Desherinka, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Lungs ○ Adapted from “Lungs”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Upper Respiratory Tract ○ Adapted from “Respiratory system (upper, female)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Epiglottitis ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Compare_epiglottis.jpg ○ Med Chaos, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Alveoli with Pneumonia AfraTafreeh.com ○ Adapted from “Alveoli with pneumonia”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Alveoli ○ Adapted from “Alveoli”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Alveoli Cross-section ○ Adapted from “Alveoli cross-section”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Lymphocyte ○ Adapted from “Lymphocyte”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Interstitial Pneumonia Histology ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acute_interstitial_pneumonia_(AIP)_Idiopathic_DAD_2.jpg ○ Yale Rosen, CC BY-SA 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease Bootcamp.com References Lungs ○ Adapted from “Lungs”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Curschmann spirals ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Curshman%27s_Spiral.jpg ○ From one of the pathogists at work., Attribution, via Wikimedia Common Charcot-Leyden crystals ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charcot-Leyden_crystals,_HE_1.jpg ○ Patho, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Airway ○ Adapted from “Airway (normal)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Particle ○ Adapted from “Generic protein (ball)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Antigen presenting cell ○ Adapted from “Dendritic cell”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Lymphocyte ○ Adapted from “Lymphocyte”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Plasma cell ○ Adapted from “Plasma cell with antibodies 1”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Lymphocyte ○ Adapted from “Lymphocyte”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease Bootcamp.com References Mast cell (primed) ○ Adapted from “Mast cell (with antibodies)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Mast cell (degranulated) ○ Adapted from “Mast cell (with antibodies)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Eosinophil ○ Adapted from “Eosinophil”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Eosinophil (degranulated) ○ Adapted from “Eosinophil (degranulating)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Vessel cross-section AfraTafreeh.com ○ Adapted from “Arteriole-endothelium)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates LABA ligand ○ Adapted from “Receptor domain (square-shaped)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates B2 receptor ○ Adapted from “Receptor domain (open square-shaped)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Corticosteroid ○ Adapted from “Steroid(generic)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Inflamed airway ○ Adapted from “Airway (asthmatic)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Airway with mucous plug ○ Adapted from “Airway (cystic fibrosis, cross-section)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease Bootcamp.com References Medulla ○ Adapted from “Brain stem (sagittal)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Chondrocyte 1 ○ Adapted from “Chondrocyte”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Neutrophil ○ Adapted from “Neutrophil”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Neutrophil (degranulated) ○ Adapted from “Neutrophil (degranulating)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Alveoli (tree) ○ Adapted from “Respiratory tree (cross-section 2)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Chondrocyte 2 ○ Adapted from “Chondrocyte (isogenic group)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Emphysemic alveoli ○ Adapted from “Emphysemic alveoli”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Cigarette ○ Adapted from “Cigarette (lit)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Respiratory system (cross-section) ○ Adapted from “Respiratory system”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates PAS globules (AAT) ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha-1_antitrypsin_deficiency.PAS_Diastase.jpg ○ Jerad M Gardner, MD, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Pulmonology: Obstructive Lung Disease Bootcamp.com References Cystic fibrosis airways template ○ Adapted from “Cystic fibrosis airways (template)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Normal skin ○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Human_skin_close-up.jpg ○ Montavius Howard (TongCreator), from Pixabay, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons Sweaty skin ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TranspirationPerspirationCommonsFL.jpg ○ Minghong, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Gall bladder and pancreas ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gallbladder_(organ).png ○ BruceBlaus, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Bronchiectasis ○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Bronchiectasis.png AfraTafreeh.com ○ BruceBlaus, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons GI lumen ○ Adapted from “Large intestine (cross-section)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Lung Cancer Bootcamp.com References Lungs ○ Adapted from “Lungs (right and left)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Tumor ○ Adapted from “Tumor (round)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Arm nerves ○ Adapted from “Nervous system”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Arm and neck veins ○ Adapted from “Venous system”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Hormones ○ Adapted from “Spray of spheres 1”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Antibodies ○ Adapted from “Antibody” by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Small cell carcinoma histology ○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Small_cell_carcinoma_of_the_urinary_bladder_--_high_mag.jpg ○ Nephron, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Respiratory epithelium ○ Adapted from “Respiratory epithelium (bronchiole to alveoli)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Cigarette ○ Adapted from “Cigarette (lit)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Pulmonology: Lung Cancer Bootcamp.com References Stratified squamous epithelium ○ Adapted from “Stratified epithelium brush (straight)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Squamous cell carcinoma histology (pearl) ○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Lung_squamous_carcinoma_--_high_mag.jpg ○ Nephron, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Squamous cell carcinoma histology (intercellular bridges) ○ Squamous cell carcinoma histology (intercellular bridges) Adenocarcinoma ○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Small_cell_carcinoma_of_the_urinary_bladder_--_high_mag.jpg ○ Nephron, CC BY-SA 3.0 , AfraTafreeh.com via Wikimedia Commons Adenocarcinoma ○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Mucinous_lung_adenocarcinoma_--_intermed_mag.jpg ○ Nephron, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Carcinoid tumor ○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Tumorlet_%287145276785%29.jpg ○ Yale Rosen from USA, CC BY-SA 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Mesothelioma ○ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Small_cell_lung_carcinoma_simulating_mesothelioma_%284861507718%29.jpg ○ Yale Rosen from USA, CC BY-SA 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Lung (left) ○ Adapted from “Lung (left)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics Bootcamp.com References Capillary (cross-section) ○ Adapted from “Vessel cross-section with red blood cells”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Plexiform lesion ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Angiomatoid_(plexiform)_and_dilatation_lesions_(4348913976).jpg ○ Yale Rosen from USA, CC BY-SA 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Vessel (normal) ○ Adapted from “Arteriole tunica media”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Vessel (hypertrophy) ○ Adapted from “Arteriole cross-section (hypertension)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Infarcted lungs ○ Adapted from “Pulmonary embolism”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Venous valve ○ Adapted from “Venous valve (close)” by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Clot ○ Adapted from “Blood clot”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Venous system ○ Adapted from “Circulatory system (gender-neutral, venous)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Heart cross-section ○ Adapted from “Heart (cross-section)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics Bootcamp.com References Heart failure cross-section ○ Adapted from “Heart (dilated cardiomyopathy)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Alveolar-capillary interface ○ Adapted from “Alveoli blood barrier”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Lymphatic vessel (Cross-section) ○ Adapted from “Arteriole adventitia”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Lymphatic vessel (Cross-section) ○ Adapted from “Arteriole adventitia”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Pleural effusion AfraTafreeh.com ○ Adapted from “Lungs (pleural effusion)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Capillary (cross-section) ○ Adapted from “Vessel cross-section with red blood cells”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Plexiform lesion ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Angiomatoid_(plexiform)_and_dilatation_lesions_(4348913976).jpg ○ Yale Rosen from USA, CC BY-SA 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Lungs ○ Adapted from “Lungs (right and left)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Subpleural bleb ○ Adapted from “Cyst”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Pleura ○ Adapted from “Lung pleura”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates AfraTafreeh.com Pulmonology: Lung Pathology Special Topics Bootcamp.com References Heart failure cells ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histopathology_of_pulmonary_congestion_and_siderophages.jpg ○ Mikael Häggström, M.D. - Author info - Reusing images- Conflicts of interest: NoneMikael HäggströmConsent note: Consent from the patient or patient's relatives is regarded as redundant, because of absence of identifiable features (List of HIPAA identifiers) in the media and case information (See also HIPAA case reports guidance)., CC0, via Wikimedia Commons ARDS pathogenesis ○ Adapted from “Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) – Alveolar Changes Template”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Hyaline membrane ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diffuse_alveolar_damage_(DAD)_(4564039878).jpg ○ Yale Rosen from USA, CC BY-SA 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Type 2 pneumocyte ○ Adapted from “Pneumocyte (type II)”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Lamellar body ○ Adapted from “Lamellar body”, by BioRender.com 2021. Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates Obstructive sleep apnea diagram ○ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Airway_obstruction.png ○ Drcamachoent, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons
