book-class-11-bhugol-chapter-4-hindi-medium (1).pdf

vè;k; egklkxjksa vkSj egk}hiksa dk forj.k fi Nys vè;k; esa vkius HkwxHkZ osQ fo"k; esa ius esa ennxkj gksaxsA egklkxj rd tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; miegk}hi osQ FkksMk+ egklkxjh;...

vè;k; egklkxjksa vkSj egk}hiksa dk forj.k fi Nys vè;k; esa vkius HkwxHkZ osQ fo"k; esa ius esa ennxkj gksaxsA egklkxj rd tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; miegk}hi osQ FkksMk+ egklkxjh; ry dh vko`Qfr;k¡ vè;k; 13 esa foLrkj ls nf{k.k esa ;g nks Hkkxksa esa c¡V tkrh gS] ftldh ,d 'kk[kk Rationalised 2023-24 32 HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar fp=k 4-2 % HkwoaQi o Tokykeqf[k;ksa dk forj.k iwohZ vizQhdk dh vksj pyh tkrh gS vkSj nwljh e;uekj egk}hih; foLFkkiu fl¼kar osQ le; miyC/ ugha FkhA ls gksrh gqbZ U;w fxuh ij ,d ,slh gh js[kk ls fey tkrh pêðkuksa osQ iqjk pqacdh; vè;;u vkSj egklkxjh; ry gSA vki ;g ik,¡xs fd ;g fcanqjs[kk eè;&egklkxjh; osQ ekufp=k.k us fo'ks"k :i ls fuEu rF;ksa dks mtkxj dVdksa osQ le:i gSA HkwoaQih; laosQUnz.k dk nwljk {ks=k fd;k% Nk;kafdr es[kyk (Shaded belt) osQ ekè;e ls (i) ;g ns[kk x;k fd eè; egklkxjh; dVdksa osQ fn[kk;k x;k gS] tks vYikbu&fgeky; (Alpine- lkFk&lkFk Tokykeq[kh mn~xkj lkekU; fozQ;k gS Himalayan) Jsf.k;ksa osQ vkSj iz'kkar egklkxjh; vkSj ;s mn~xkj bl {ks=k esa cM+h ek=kk esa ykok fdukjksa osQ le:i gSA lkekU;r% eè; egklkxjh; ckgj fudkyrs gSaA dVdksa osQ {ks=k esa HkwoQa i osQ mn~xe osQa nz de xgjkbZ ij (ii) egklkxjh; dVd osQ eè; Hkkx osQ nksuksa rjiQ gSa tcfd vYikbu&fgeky; iêðh o iz'kkar egklkxjh; leku nwjh ij ikbZ tkus okyh pêðkuksa osQ fuekZ.k fdukjksa ij ;s osQa nz vf/d xgjkbZ ij gSAa Tokykeq[kh dk le;] lajpuk] la?kVu vkSj pqacdh; xq.kksa ekufp=k Hkh blh dk vuqdj.k djrs gSAa iz'kkar egklkxj esa lekurk ikbZ tkrh gSA egklkxjh; dVdksa osQ osQ fdukjksa dks lfozQ; Tokykeq[kh osQ {ks=k gksus osQ dkj.k lehi dh pêðkuksa esa lkekU; pqacdRo /qzo.k ^fjax vkWiQ iQk;j* (Ring of fire) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA (Normal polarity) ikbZ tkrh gS rFkk ;s pêðkusa uohure gSaA dVdksa osQ 'kh"kZ ls nwj lkxjh; v/Lry dk foLrkj pêðkuksa dh vk;q Hkh vf/d gSA tSlk fd mQij o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] izokg mijkar (iii) egklkxjh; iiZVh dh pêðkusa egk}hih; iiZVh vè;;uksa us egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh izLrqr dh] tks osxuj osQ dh pêðkuksa dh vis{kk vf/d ubZ gSAa egklkxjh; Rationalised 2023-24 egklkxjksa vkSj egk}hiksa dk forj.k 33 fp=k 4-3 % lkxjh; v/Lry foLrkj iiZVh dh pêðkusa dgha Hkh 20 djksM+ o"kZ ls bu rF;ksa vkSj eè; egklkxjh; dVdksa osQ nksuksa vf/d iqjkuh ugha gSaA rjiQ dh pêðkuksa osQ pqacdh; xq.kksa osQ fo'ys"k.k osQ (iv) xgjh [kkb;ksa esa HkwoaQi osQ mn~xe vf/d vk/kj ij gsl (Hess) us lu~ 1961 esa ,d ifjdYiuk xgjkbZ ij gSaA tcfd eè;&egklkxjh; dVdksa izLrqr dh] ftls ^lkxjh; v/Lry foLrkj* (Sea floor osQ {ks=k esa HkwoaQi mn~xe osaQnz (Foci) de spreading) osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA gsl (Hess) xgjkbZ ij fo|eku gSaA osQ rdkZuqlkj egklkxjh; dVdksa osQ 'kh"kZ ij yxkrkj fp=k 4-4 % fiNys 5]400 yk[k o"kks± esa egk}hiksa dh xfrA (1) vizQhdk_ (2) nf{k.k vesfjdk_ (3) vaVkoZQfVdk_ (4) vkWLVsfsª y;k_ (5) Hkkjr_ (6) phu_ (7) mÙkjh vesfjdk_ (8) ;wjksi_ (9) ,oa (10) lkbcsfj;k (,feykuh] 1992) fp=k 4-4 % HkwoSKkfud dkyksa esa egk}hiksa dh fLFkfr Rationalised 2023-24 34 HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar Tokykeq[kh mn~Hksnu ls egklkxjh; iiZVh esa foHksnu izLrqr dh] ftls ^IysV foorZfudh* (Plate tectonics) gqvk vkSj u;k ykok bl njkj dks Hkjdj egklkxjh; dgk x;kA ,d foorZfud IysV (ftls fyFkksLisQfjd iiZVh dks nksuksa rjiQ /osQy jgk gSA bl izdkj egklkxjh; IysV Hkh dgk tkrk gS)] Bksl pêðku dk fo'kky o v/Lry dk foLrkj gks jgk gSA egklkxjh; iiZVh dk vfu;fer vkdkj dk [kaM gS] tks egk}hih; o egklkxjh; vis{kko`Qr uohure gksuk vkSj blosQ lkFk gh ,d LFkyeaMyksa ls feydj cuk gSA ;s IysVsa nqcZyrkeaMy egklkxj esa foLrkj ls nwljs egklkxj osQ u floqQM+us (Asthenosphere) ij ,d n`