Bony Skeleton (Axial) PDF

The frame of the body. Built of 206 bones, 34 of them are single (unpaired) and 86 are paired. Functions of the skeleton: 1. Provides the characteristic shape of the human body. 2. Supports the soft parts of the body. 3. Gives attachments for muscles and ligaments. 4. Acts as levers that help in mus...

The frame of the body. Built of 206 bones, 34 of them are single (unpaired) and 86 are paired. Functions of the skeleton: 1. Provides the characteristic shape of the human body. 2. Supports the soft parts of the body. 3. Gives attachments for muscles and ligaments. 4. Acts as levers that help in muscle contractions. 5. Protects the important structures such as the brain, heart and lungs. 6. Reservoir for calcium and phosphorus. 7. Production of red blood cells from the bone marrow. Formed of 80 bones.  Skull (28): Cranium 8 bones; face 14 bones; and auditory ossicles 6 bones  Hyoid bone: (1)  Vertebral column: 33 vertebrae (7 cervical; 12 thoracic; 5 lumbar; 5 sacral & 4 coccygeal); the sacral and coccygeal bones are fused into 2 masses (26)  Sternum: 3 pieces (1)  Ribs: 12 pairs (24)  Composed of 33 vertebrae, some are fused, the real number is 26 bones.  The vertebrae are connected by intervertebral discs.  The vertebral column has the following regions:  Cervical in the neck 7vertebrae  Thoracic 12 vertebrae  Lumbar 5 vertebrae  Sacral region in the pelvis 5 vertebrae fused into 1 sacrum  Coccygeal region 4 vertebrae fused into 1 coccyx Formed of 126 bones. Upper limb (64 bones):  Shoulder girdle: 2 scapulae and 2 clavicles (4)  Arm bones: 1 humerus in each side (2)  Forearm bones: 1 ulna & 1 radius in each (4)  Wrist bones: 8 carpal bones in each wrist (16)  Hand bones: 5 metacarpals in each hand (10)  Fingers bones: 14 phalanges in each hand; 2 in each thumb and 3 in each of other fingers (28). Lower limb (62 bones): ▪ Hip girdle: each hip bone is formed of an ilium, ischium and pubis (2) ▪ Thigh bone: 1 femur in each thigh. (2) ▪ Leg bones: 1 tibia &1 fibula in each leg. (4) ▪ Patella: (2) ▪ Ankle & foot bones: 7 tarsals & 5 metatarsals in each foot. (24) ▪ Toes bones: 14 phalanges in each foot, 2 in the big toe and 3 in each of other toes (28).