Birds PDF

Class Aves Infraclass Neognathae Paruclass Neoaves Super order Cursorimorphae Order Gruiformes · Cranes + Rails · wading/aquatic...

Class Aves Infraclass Neognathae Paruclass Neoaves Super order Cursorimorphae Order Gruiformes · Cranes + Rails · wading/aquatic ↑ The Cranes : NA first US protect endangered species. Only inds. 1941 due to habitat loss hunting today whooping cranes in legislation to 21 In + over. 100s · whooping and Sandhill crane only cranes in NA coiled call long trachea-trumpeting · ↳ keeled sternum helps amplify The Rails some flightless · · variety of diff bill shapes for diff niches.. 31 evolved flightlessness · · Aldabra rail : iterative elvolution > - repeated evolution of traits/structures from same ancestors but at diff times. Order Charadriformes · Shorebirds Gulls Alcids, , · All marine/aquatic Shorebirds lengthy migrations · · · Western Red sandpipers knot--migrations > - migration dependant timed to horseshoe on "biofilm" sites crab spawning as fuel source 7- rely on high productive sites Gulls opportunists pred scavengers... · ,., ram Feeding Alcids ↑ pelagic · · long-lived , slow life history · poor wingloading ↳ tradeoff blw flight and diving loads of any highest wing flying bird , closest to penguins highly migratory despite poor wing loading · · Great Auk (not a penguin flightless great swimmer · , · closest relative to razorbill (can fly) · extinct due to humans Superorder Phaethontimorphae Order Phaethont , formes · tropicbirds tall streamer Indary character long => sex · Order Eurypygiformes Kagu > near flightless - · sunbittens - > unknown wing markings Aves Neognathae Neoaves Superorder Gavimorphae · loons males + females look the same · distinctive calls Superorder Procellarimorphae · all marine , pelagic , webbed feet · long lives , slow life history (late sexual repro Order Procellariformes · albatrosses petrels fulmars... , , · colonial · single egg clutches · migratory, pelagic Dynamic Soaring : · of wind shear speed take advantage gadient to generate lift + · Albatross adaptations for sustain flight : Hormonal control of breeding decisions (tradeoff b/w reproduction and survival · dynamic soaring · competition b/w Hypothalamus Pituitary - - Gonadal Axis (produces gametes) and · tendon lock wings in place unfurled the Hypothalamus Pituitary - - Adrenal Axis (stress response · ability to shut down brain hemisphere at a time · less mass specific muscle mass tube noses take in large quantities of air · - can cover 16 , 000 km single day · in km whout 1000 flapping · most threatened family of birds Breeding : · · monogamy (will separate if breeding isn't working) · annual decisions about whether to breed · elaborate courtship displays Wandering Albatrosses · elaborate courtship dances group Black-browed ' Grey-healed Albatrosses stress hormone · I on I courtship dance Light-mantled sooty Albatrosses · courtship done in air Order Sphenisciformes penguins · · Zegg clutches (except King + Emperor penguins 1) migratory semi-migratory (stay locally · or Eudyptes (yellow crests on head) 1 and discarded 2" for egg cared 2 eggs , egg small , ↳ birds unique amoung Aves Neognathae Superorder Pelicanimorphae · aquatic or wading gular pouches · Pelicans adaptations : fold back just before impact-protects bones shoulders wings wings + · in powerful neck muscles tighten around spine · nictitating membrane protects eyes · somatic air sacs and pneumatic foramina-fill w/air to float to surface and absorb shock Cormorants - Kleptoparasitism and disease transmission · Kleptoparasitism key mode of transmission of HJNI Avian Influenza Virus Superorder Accipitrimorphae What are Raptors ? · raptorial claws - > tearing apart prey birds of prey-actively hunt (except vultures · carnivores ↑ speed + strength · slow life histories · keen binocular vision w/ talons · like all raptors females bigger than males strong feet good at using convection currents powerful curved beaks · adaptations like broad wings w/ long primary flight feathers · sexual dimorphism to catch to defend nest rising air females ability · Order Accipitriformes enables females to pack on fat for long incubation and chick rearing/defence Eagles Hawks Kites Secretarybirds Osprey ocular adaptations : · , , , , Order Cathartiformes 2 foreae in each eye · new world vultures temporal forea-peripheral vision to see around while also seeing ahead · central forea-4 clarity , far central vision Order Strigiformes more cones · owls raptors nocturnal except burrowing owls and northern hawk-owl · facial disk-funnels sound into ears · silent flight-adaptations in wing tips allows ↓ turbulence while flapping no crop · Aves Neognathae Neoaves Superorder Coraclimorphae Bee-eaters , Woodpeckers , Hornbills , Kingfishers Toucans , Order Colliformes · Mousebirds living fossils · · only bird endemic to Africa · hair like feathers pamprodactyl feet Order Leptosomiformes · Cuckoo roller Madagascar · resilient to massive deforestation Order Trogoniformes Quetzels Trogons + heter dactyl foot Order Bucerotiformes · Hornbills, Hoopoes Samitarbills , cavity nesters · · Hornbills : only bird wI fused and 2nd vertebrae · Hoopoes mothers release fluid that stinks of rotting meat at predators chicks regurgitate · Order Coraciformes Kingfishers Bee-eaters Rollars Toadies · , , , behavior thrashing · Bee-eaters complex social systems of any bird species (multiple overlapping gens whin colony · breeders + helpers ↳ assessment hypothesis · breeding pairs don't tyrannize subordinate but subordinates make decision not to breed , · stress/corticosterone not involves Order Piciformes · woodpeckers , Toucans , Honeyguides... · Greater Honeyguides rare example of mutualism b/w people and birds find bechives for people who open them to collect to feed Honeyguides honey while the Honeyguides get on larvae people develope calls which birds respond to · brood parasite · chicks kill off other chicks/eggs win nest Aves Neognathae Order Carlamiformes · Seriema similar to Secretary bird stomps prey and shreds w/ sharp daws · , Order Falconiformes raptors · · hooked bills wh "tooth" · prey on birds Wing Shape Size Nesting kills by Accipitriformes broad rounded, larger Chunkler , build new talons Falconiformes taped , slim smaller , graceful takeover old breakingnea Superorder Passerimorphae Order Passeriformes birds birds perching song · , · anisodactyl feet YY Passer , (true song birds well developed syrinx & junction b/w trachea and bronchi w/4 membranes (vocal chords) and 7-10 muscles which control their movement · innate song + can learn songs Tyranni trachea w/ membranes controls muscles, syrinx only by · in -2 less control over syrinxes = less complex songs · only innate songs was thought only males sing to attract make but females sing along w/ mates in 64 % of all Passeri species I Suborder Acanthis it · New Zealand wrens high pitched chirps · male + female care for young Suborder Tyrani less complex songs Family Tyrannidae Suborder Passer true birds song · · complex songs Family Passerellidae new world sparrows Family Hirudinidae largest swallow in NA Family Corvidae · smart Family Menuridae ability to mimic natural + artificial sounds from environment Superorder Passerimorphae Order Psittaciformes · Parrots Macaws , zygodactly feet XX · smart great vocal mimicry · · parrots relative brain size ↑ than most birds macaws have many genes that allow for long life space · · syrinx anatomy same as in Passeriformes