2023 City of Los Angeles Fire Code PDF

fr Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT,...

fr Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  IMPORTANT NOTICE Act now to keep your code up-to-date. The purchase of this code includes a free subscription for all State-issued supplements and errata. To receive these important updates through 2025, you MUST register online www.iccsafe.org/CAL22 2022 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE CALIFORNIA CODE OF REGULATIONS TITLE 24, PART 9 Based on the 2021 International Fire Code® California Building Standards Commission Effective January 1, 2023 For Errata and Supplement effective dates see the History Note Appendix Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  2023 City of Los Angeles Fire Code (Based on the 2022 CFC and the 2021 IFC) First Printing: February 2024 ISBN: 978-1-962103-35-0 (loose leaf edition, amendments only) ISBN: 978-1-963845-35-8 (PDF download, amendments only) COPYRIGHT © 2023 by INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This 2023 City of Los Angeles Fire Code contains substantial copyrighted material from the 2022 California Fire Code and the 2021 International Fire Code, first printing, which is a copyrighted work owned by the Interna- tional Code Council, Inc. (“ICC”). Without separate written permission from the copyright owner, no part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including, without limitation, electronic, optical or mechanical means (by way of example, and not limitation, photocopying or recording by or in an information storage and/or retrieval system). For information on use rights and permissions, please contact: ICC Publications, 4051 Flossmoor Road, Coun- try Club Hills, Illinois 60478; 1-888-ICC-SAFE (422-7233); https://www.iccsafe.org/about/periodicals-and-newsroom/icc-logo- license/. Trademarks: “International Code Council,” the “International Code Council” logo, “ICC,” the “ICC” logo, “International Fire Code,” “IFC” and other names and trademarks appearing in this publication are registered trademarks of the International Code Council, Inc., and/or its licensors (as applicable), and may not be used without permission. PRINTED IN THE USA T030100 Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  City of Los Angeles FIRE CODE 2023 EDITION of the Los Angeles Municipal Code as of October 2023 Article 7 of Chapter V of the Los Angeles Municipal Code 2023 CITY OF LOS ANGELES FIRE CODE iii Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The 2023 City of Los Angeles Fire Code (Code) was developed through the outstanding collaborative efforts of the Los Angeles City Fire Department with the Fire Code Committee and the City Attorney’s Office who worked tirelessly in the production of this Code adoption. Kristin M. Crowley – Fire Chief David Perez – Fire Marshal Kristine Larson – Assistant Fire Marshal Anthony Hardaway – Battalion Chief Members of the Los Angeles City Fire Department Fire Code Committee Chad Richardson – Captain I / PM Chris Da Broi – Inspector II Miguel Rodriguez – Inspector II Andrew Ko – Fire Protection Engineering Associate IV Patricia Aguirre-Moreno – Management Analyst iv 2023 CITY OF LOS ANGELES FIRE CODE Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  LOS ANGELES FIRE DEPARTMENT CITY OF LOS ANGELES KAREN BASS, Mayor LOS ANGELES FIRE DEPARTMENT Kristin M. Crowley, Fire Chief BOARD OF FIRE COMMISSIONERS Genethia Hudley-Hayes, President Sharon Delugach, Vice President Jimmy H. Hara, M.D. Jimmie Woods-Gray Corinne Tapia Babcock MAIN OFFICE 200 North Main Street, Room 1800, Los Angeles, CA 90012 Telephone: (213) 978-3800 Fax: (213) 978-3815 Internet: www.LAFD.org Fire Prevention Office locations Main Office 200 North Main Street, Seventeenth Floor, Los Angeles 90012 Fire Development Services 201 North Figueroa Street, Second Floor, Los Angeles 90012 Valley Office 6262 Van Nuys Boulevard, Suite 451, Van Nuys 91401 Harbor Office 638 Beacon Street, Suite 328, San Pedro 90731 West Office 7166 West Manchester Avenue, Room 5, Los Angeles 90045 2023 CITY OF LOS ANGELES FIRE CODE v Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  vi 2023 CITY OF LOS ANGELES FIRE CODE Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  LOS ANGELES FIRE DEPARTMENT CITY OF LOS ANGELES The Fire Department mission is to preserve life, protect property, and safeguard our communities through relentless commitment to emergency preparedness, prevention, response, and recovery. The Fire Department, with 3,246 uniformed fire personnel and 353 professional support personnel, is the largest fire department in the State and the second largest in the nation. The Department with 106 fire stations, and several administrative, training and fire prevention offices provide services to a population of more than 4 million people in a metropolitan area of more than 470 square miles. The Board of Fire Commission and Four Bureaus responsibilities are as follows: The Board of Fire Commission consists of five members, citizens residing in the City and appointed by the Mayor and affirmed by the City Council. Pursuant to the City Charter, this diverse and qualified group establishes goals and provides direction to the Department through Fire Chief Kristin Crowley. Emergency Operations. The primary responsibility of Emergency Operations is to lead, direct, coordinate, and control all emergency line functions of the LAFD. This includes the four Geographic Emergency Operations Bureaus, Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Bureau and Medical Director, Metropolitan Fire Communications (MFC) Division, Homeland Security Division, and Air Operations Section. Other responsibilities include: − Responding to Major Emergencies and other incidents as an Incident Commander or Agency Administrator. − Representing the Fire Chief at City Council, Council Committees, and various governmental agency meetings, as directed. − Representing the Fire Department as a member of the FIRESCOPE Operations Team and Los Angeles Area Fire Chiefs Operations Team. − Assigning and overseeing the work of various projects, work groups, and Department committees. − Acting as a liaison between the Fire Department and management personnel of other City Departments. − Conducting predisciplinary hearings and making appropriate recommendations to the Fire Chief of corrective action. Administrative Operations. The primary responsibility of Administrative Operations is to direct, coordinate, and control the Administrative functions of the Department. This includes the Fire Preven- tion Bureau, the Information Technology Bureau, the Administrative Services Bureau, the Training & Support Bureau, and the Risk Management Section. Other responsibilities include: − Representing the Fire Chief at City Council, Council Committees, and various governmental agency meetings, as directed. − Responding to major emergencies and other incidents as head of an Incident Management Team. − Supervising the Productivity Program and acting as the Department’s Productivity Coordinator. − Assigning and overseeing the work of various Department committees. − Acting as a liaison between the Fire Department and management personnel of other City Departments. − Conducting pre-disciplinary hearings and making appropriate recommendations to the Fire Chief of corrective action. 2023 CITY OF LOS ANGELES FIRE CODE vii Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  Fire Prevention Bureau. The primary responsibility of the Fire Prevention Bureau is to oversee the Bureau, which involves: − Maintaining memberships on national committees and organizations to achieve consistency in the application of systems, methods, and policies. − Providing liaison with other departments of City government, outside agencies, trade, and industrial organizations. − Directing and coordinating the activities of subordinate officers assigned to the various Sections and Units of the Bureau. − Formulating and ensuring conformance to laws relating to arson, fire prevention, ordinances, regulations, and standards. − Analyzing and evaluating fire causes and trends. The Fire Prevention Bureau is separated into five Sections: Administrative, CUPA, Fire Development Services, Industrial Commercial, and Public Safety. There are 157 Inspectors under the direction of the Fire Marshal (Deputy Chief) supported by an Assistant Fire Marshal. viii 2023 CITY OF LOS ANGELES FIRE CODE Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  LOS ANGELES FIRE DEPARTMENT CITY OF LOS ANGELES EFFECTIVE USE OF THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES FIRE CODE The Los Angeles Fire Department started long before the Los Angeles City Council passed an ordinance on December 8, 1871, creating a Volunteer Fire Department. Prior to that date there were roughly 380 dedicated volunteers, at its peak, that had participated in the Volunteer Fire Department long before there was adequate fire fighting equipment and apparatus. Taking the next step to a fully paid Fire Department was no easy task. Since many citizens felt fires only occurred occasionally, having properly-outfitted fire companies was an unnecessary extravagance. However, as the City grew and several major fires occurred within its boundaries during the 20-year span preceding 1886; the decision was made to pass Ordinance Number 205, establishing a paid Fire Department with the Chief Engineer (Fire Chief), Assistant Chief and 31 firefighters reporting for duty at three fire stations on Feb- ruary 1, 1886. During the formative years the Fire Department was committed to enforcing effective fire prevention prac- tices. That was evident with the advent of the Fire Prevention Bureau in 1916 with 50 selected fire personnel, including an educational program in the City’s school system. The enthusiasm of the Fire Prevention Bureau across the state, sparked competitions, such as a statewide contest between cities, to determine which Depart- ment could produce the greatest annual progress in fire prevention measures. The earliest fire prevention regulations appeared in the Los Angeles Municipal Code in 1916 when the Fire Prevention Bureau was created. However, the modern City of Los Angeles Fire Code, Article 7, Chapter 5 of the City’s Municipal Code, as we know it today, became law on December 31, 1959. Throughout the years there have been numerous amendments to the City of Los Angeles Fire Code in order to keep pace with the dynamic fire and life safety technological advances; the last major Code overhaul occur- ring in 1987. Throughout the years the Department has taken a leadership role nationally in enacting fire and life safety regulations through participation in local, national, and international committees. The 2023 City of Los Angeles Fire Code also includes the mandates from the State of California’s California Fire Code (CFC). The Los Angeles City Council has passed Ordinance Number 187994 (operative October, 2023) to amend Chapter 5, Article 7 of the Los Angeles Municipal Code and to adopt by reference the 2022 edition of the CFC and the 2021 International Fire Code® herein shall be called the 2023 edition of the City of Los Angeles Fire Code. 2023 CITY OF LOS ANGELES FIRE CODE ix Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  Starting with the California Fire Code as printed, replace the pages as directed in the City of Los Angeles Fire Code amendment package. The result will be a complete City of Los Angeles Fire Code with reference to the California adoption matrix. If code sections are not adopted into the code, they are deleted in the replacement pages. The only exceptions will be appendices E, F, G, I and P. Chapter 1 is the general administrative provisions for the City of Los Angeles Fire Code. Several amendments have been added or deleted to chapter 1 of the California Fire Code. Chapters 2 through 37 are California Fire Code as printed with Los Angeles amendments. Chapter 38 is reserved. Chapter 39 is California Fire Code as printed with Los Angeles amendments. Chapter 47 is a chapter added by Los Angeles to address requirements on an occupancy basis. Chapters 48 through 67 are California Fire Code as printed with Los Angeles amendments. Chapter 80 is California Fire Code standards as printed with Los Angeles amendments. Appendices Chapter 4, D, H and O are adopted as part of the City of Los Angeles Fire Code. Appendices E, F, G, I and P are printed for reference use only. Marginal Markings L A These symbols indicate that a City of Los Angeles amendment has been added to the 2022 California L Fire Code. A L  This symbol indicates a deletion of IFC or CFC language by the city of Los Angeles. x 2023 CITY OF LOS ANGELES FIRE CODE Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  Effective Use of the International Fire Code The IFC is a model code that regulates minimum fire safety requirements for new and existing build- ings, facilities, storage and processes. The IFC addresses fire prevention, fire protection, life safety and safe storage and use of hazardous materials in new and existing buildings, facilities and pro- cesses. The IFC provides a total approach of controlling hazards in all buildings and sites, regardless of the hazard being indoors or outdoors. The IFC is a design document. For example, before one constructs a building, the site must be provided with an adequate water supply for fire-fighting operations and a means of building access for emergency responders in the event of a medical emergency, fire or natural or technological disaster. Depending on the building’s occupancy and uses, the IFC regulates the various hazards that may be housed within the building, including refrigeration systems, application of flammable fin- ishes, fueling of motor vehicles, high-piled combustible storage, and the storage and use of hazard- ous materials. The IFC sets forth minimum requirements for these and other hazards and contains requirements for maintaining the life safety of building occupants; protecting emergency respond- ers; and limiting the damage to a building and its contents as the result of a fire, explosion or unau- thorized hazardous material discharge. As described, the IFC has many types of requirements for buildings and facilities. The applicability of these requirements varies. An understanding of the applicability of requirements, as addressed in Sections 102.1 and 102.2, is necessary. Section 102.1 addresses when the construction and design provisions are applicable, whereas Section 102.2 addresses when the administrative, operational and maintenance provisions are applicable. Generally, the construction and design provisions apply to only new buildings or existing buildings and occupancies as addressed by Chapter 11. The admin- istrative, maintenance and operational requirements are applicable to all buildings and facilities, whether new or existing. 2022 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE xi Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  xii 2022 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  ARRANGEMENT AND FORMAT OF THE 2021 IFC Before applying the requirements of the IFC, it is beneficial to understand its arrangement and for- mat. The IFC, like other codes published by the ICC, is arranged and organized to follow sequential steps that generally occur during a plan review or inspection. The IFC is organized into seven parts. Each part represents a broad subject matter and includes the chapters that logically fit under the subject matter of each part. It is also foreseeable that additional chapters will need to be added in the future as regulations for new processes or operations are developed. Accordingly, the structure was designed to accommodate such future chapters by pro- viding reserved (unused) chapters in several of the parts. This will allow the subject matter parts to be conveniently and logically expanded without requiring a major renumbering of the IFC chapters. CHAPTER TOPICS Parts and Chapters Subjects Part I—Chapters 1 and 2 Administrative and definitions Part II—Chapters 3 and 4 General safety provisions Part III—Chapters 5 through 12 Building and equipment design features Part III—Chapters 13 through 19 Reserved for future use Part IV—Chapters 20 through 40 Special occupancies and operations Part IV—Chapters 41 through 49; 52 Reserved for future use Part V—Chapters 50, 51 and 53 through 67 Hazardous materials Part V—Chapters 68 through 79 Reserved for future use Part VI—Chapter 80 Referenced standards Part VII—Appendices A through N Adoptable and informational appendices IBC Correlated Topics The IFC requirements for fire-resistance-rated construction, interior finish, fire protection systems, means of egress and construction safeguards are directly correlated to the chapters containing par- allel requirements in the IBC, as follows: IFC/IBC CORRELATED TOPICS IFC Chapter/Section IBC Chapter/Section Subject Fire and smoke protection features (Fire-resis- Chapter 7 Chapter 7 tance-rated construction in the IBC) Interior finish, decorative materials and furnish- Chapter 8 Chapter 8 ings Chapter 9 Chapter 9 Fire protection and life safety systems Chapter 10 Chapter 10 Means of egress Section 1203 Chapter 27 Emergency and standby power Chapter 31 Section 3103 Temporary structures Chapter 33 Chapter 33 Construction fire safety Chapters 50–67 Sections 307, 414, 415 Hazardous materials and Group H requirements 2022 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE xiii Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  PART I—ADMINISTRATIVE Chapter 1 Scope and Administration Chapter 1 contains provisions for the application, enforcement and administration of subsequent requirements of the code. In addition to establishing the scope of the code, Chapter 1 identifies which buildings and structures come under its purview. Chapter 1 is largely concerned with main- taining “due process of law” in enforcing the regulations contained in the body of the code. Only through careful observation of the administrative provisions can the code official reasonably expect to demonstrate that “equal protection under the law” has been provided. Chapter 2 Definitions All terms that are defined in the code are listed alphabetically in Chapter 2. While a defined term may be used in one chapter or another, the meaning provided in Chapter 2 is applicable throughout the code. Where understanding of a term’s definition is especially key to or necessary for understanding of a particular code provision, the term is shown in italics wherever it appears in the code. This is true only for those terms that have a meaning that is unique to the code. In other words, the generally understood meaning of a term or phrase might not be sufficient or consistent with the meaning pre- scribed by the code; therefore, it is essential that the code-defined meaning be known. Guidance regarding tense, gender and plurality of defined terms as well as guidance regarding terms not defined in this code are also provided. PART II—GENERAL SAFETY PROVISIONS Chapter 3 General Requirements The open burning, ignition source, vacant building, miscellaneous storage, roof gardens and land- scaped roofs, artificial combustible vegetation on buildings, outdoor pallet storage, additive manu- facturing, and hazards to fire fighters requirements and precautions, among other general regulations contained in this chapter, are intended to improve premises safety for everyone, includ- ing construction workers, tenants, operations and maintenance personnel, and emergency response personnel. Chapter 4 Emergency Planning and Preparedness Chapter 4 addresses the human contribution to life safety in buildings when a fire or other emer- gency occurs. The requirements for continuous training and scheduled fire, evacuation and lock- down drills can be as important as the required periodic inspections and maintenance of built-in fire protection features. The level of preparation by the occupants also improves the emergency responders’ abilities during an emergency. The IBC focuses on built-in fire protection features, such as automatic sprinkler systems, fire-resistance-rated construction and properly designed egress sys- tems, whereas this chapter fully addresses the human element. PART III—BUILDING AND EQUIPMENT DESIGN FEATURES Chapter 5 Fire Service Features The requirements of Chapter 5 apply to all buildings and occupancies and pertain to access roads, access to building openings and roofs, premises identification, key boxes, fire protection water sup- plies, fire command centers, fire department access to equipment, and in-building emergency responder communication system coverage. xiv 2022 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  Chapter 6 Building Services and Systems Chapter 6 focuses on building systems and services as they relate to potential safety hazards and when and how they should be installed. This chapter brings together building system- and service- related issues for convenience and provides a more systematic view of buildings. The following building services and systems are addressed: electrical equipment, wiring and hazards (Section 603); elevator recall and maintenance (Section 604); fuel-fired appliances (Section 605); commercial kitchen hoods (Section 606); commercial kitchen cooking oil storage (Section 607); mechanical refrigeration (Section 608); hyperbaric facilities (Section 609); and clothes dryer exhaust systems (Section 610). Note that building systems focused on energy systems and components are addressed by Chapter 12. Chapter 7 Fire and Smoke Protection Features The maintenance of assemblies required to be fire-resistance rated is a key component in a passive fire protection philosophy. Chapter 7 sets forth requirements to maintain required fire-resistance ratings of building elements and limit fire spread. Section 701 addresses the basics of what con- struction elements such as fire barriers and smoke barriers need to be maintained as well as defin- ing the owner’s responsibility. The rest of the chapter, Sections 703 through 708, deals with various fire and smoke protection features that must also be maintained. These features include penetra- tions, joint protection, door and window openings, duct and air transfer opening protection, con- cealed spaces, and spray-applied fire-resistant and intumescent fire-resistant materials. Chapter 8 Interior Finish, Decorative Materials and Furnishings The overall purpose of Chapter 8 is to regulate interior finishes, decorative materials and furnishings in new and existing buildings so that they do not significantly add to or create fire hazards within buildings. The provisions tend to focus on occupancies with specific risk characteristics, such as vul- nerability of occupants, density of occupants, lack of familiarity with the building and societal expec- tations of importance. This chapter is consistent with Chapter 8 of the IBC, which regulates the interior finishes of new buildings. Chapter 9 Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems Chapter 9 prescribes the minimum requirements for active systems of fire protection equipment to perform the functions of detecting a fire, alerting the occupants or fire department of a fire emer- gency, controlling smoke and controlling or extinguishing the fire. There are provisions relating to more general life safety systems such as gas detection and associated alarms. Mass notification sys- tems are also addressed. Generally, the requirements are based on the occupancy, the height and the area of the building, because these are the factors that most affect fire-fighting capabilities and the relative hazard of a specific building or portion thereof. This chapter parallels and is substantially dupli- cated in Chapter 9 of the IBC; however, this chapter also contains periodic testing criteria that are not contained in the IBC. In addition, the special fire protection system requirements based on use and occupancy found in Chapter 4 of the IBC are duplicated in Chapter 9 of the IFC as a user convenience. Chapter 10 Means of Egress The general criteria set forth in Chapter 10 regulating the design of the means of egress are estab- lished as the primary method for protection of people in buildings by allowing timely relocation or evacuation of building occupants. Both prescriptive and performance language is utilized in this chapter to provide for a basic approach in the determination of a safe exiting system for all occu- pancies. It addresses all portions of the egress system (i.e., exit access, exits and exit discharge) and includes design requirements as well as provisions regulating individual components. The require- ments detail the size, arrangement, number and protection of means of egress components. Func- tional and operational characteristics also are specified for the components that will permit their safe use without special knowledge or effort. The means of egress protection requirements work in coordination with other sections of the code, such as protection of vertical openings (see Chapter 7), interior finish (see Chapter 8), fire suppression and detection systems (see Chapter 9) and numerous others, all having an impact on life safety. Sections 1002 through 1031 duplicate text from Chapter 10 of the IBC; however, the IFC contains an additional Section 1032 on maintenance of the means of egress system in existing buildings. Retroactive minimum means of egress require- ments for existing buildings are found in Chapter 11. 2022 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE xv Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  Chapter 11 Construction Requirements for Existing Buildings Chapter 11 applies to existing buildings constructed prior to the adoption of the code and intends to provide a minimum degree of fire and life safety to persons occupying existing buildings by provid- ing for alterations to such buildings that do not comply with the minimum requirements of the IBC. Prior to the 2009 edition, its content existed in the IFC but in a random manner that was neither efficient nor user-friendly. In the 2007/2008 code development cycle, a code change (F294-07/ 08) was approved that consolidated the retroactive elements of IFC into a single chapter for easier and more efficient reference and application to existing buildings. The provisions address general fire safety features such as requirements for fire alarm systems, CO detection and automatic sprinkler systems in some existing buildings, general means of egress, and finally, the chapter contains a sec- tion dedicated to existing Group I-2 occupancies. Chapter 12 Energy Systems Chapter 12 was added to address the current energy systems found in the IFC. The chapter covers a wide range of systems that generate and store energy in, on and adjacent to buildings and facilities. The expansion of such energy systems is related to meeting today’s energy, environmental and eco- nomic challenges. Ensuring appropriate criteria to address the safety of such systems in building and fire codes is an important part of protecting the public at large, building occupants and emer- gency responders. Previously, requirements for energy systems, such as standby power systems, PV systems and stationary battery systems, were scattered about in various locations in Chapter 6, which addresses building services and systems. However, with the addition of fuel cells, energy stor- age systems and portable generators to the IFC, a chapter dedicated to such related issues was nec- essary. This chapter provides an appropriate location for the addition of future energy-related issues. Chapters 13 through 19 Reserved for future use. PART IV—SPECIAL OCCUPANCIES AND OPERATIONS Chapter 20 Aviation Facilities Chapter 20 specifies minimum requirements for the fire-safe operation of airports, heliports and helistops. The principal nonflight operational hazards associated with aviation involve fuel, facilities and operations. Therefore, safe use of flammable and combustible liquids during fueling and main- tenance operations is emphasized. Availability of portable Class B:C-rated fire extinguishers for prompt control or suppression of incipient fires is required. Chapter 21 Dry Cleaning The provisions of Chapter 21 are intended to reduce hazards associated with the use of flammable and combustible dry cleaning solvents. These materials, like all volatile organic chemicals, generate significant quantities of static electricity and are thus readily ignitable. Many flammable and non- flammable dry cleaning solvents also create health hazards when involved in a fire. Chapter 22 Combustible Dust-producing Operations The requirements of Chapter 22 seek to reduce the likelihood of dust explosions by managing the hazards of ignitable suspensions of combustible dusts associated with a variety of operations, including woodworking, mining, food processing, agricultural commodity storage and handling, and pharmaceutical manufacturing, among others. Ignition source control and good housekeeping prac- tices in occupancies containing dust-producing operations are emphasized. xvi 2022 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  Chapter 23 Motor Fuel-dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages Chapter 23 provides provisions that regulate the storage and dispensing of both liquid and gaseous motor fuels at public and private automotive, marine and aircraft motor fuel-dispensing facilities, and fleet vehicle motor fuel-dispensing facilities. In addition, this chapter addresses the various haz- ards created by the use of both liquid and gaseous fuels within repair garages. Chapter 24 Flammable Finishes Chapter 24 requirements govern operations where flammable or combustible finishes are applied by spraying, dipping, powder coating or flow-coating processes. As with all operations involving flammable or combustible liquids and combustible dusts or vapors, controlling ignition sources and methods of reducing or controlling flammable vapors or combustible dusts at or near these opera- tions are emphasized. Chapter 25 Fruit and Crop Ripening Chapter 25 provides guidance that is intended to reduce the likelihood of explosions resulting from improper use or handling of ethylene gas used for crop ripening and coloring processes. This is accomplished by regulating ethylene gas generation, storage, and distribution systems and con- trolling ignition sources. Design and construction of facilities for this use are regulated by the IBC to reduce the impact of potential accidents on people and buildings. Chapter 26 Fumigation and Insecticidal Fogging Chapter 26 regulates fumigation and insecticidal fogging operations that use toxic pesticide chemi- cals to kill insects, rodents and other vermin. Fumigants and insecticidal fogging agents pose little hazard if properly applied; however, the inherent toxicity of all these agents and the potential flam- mability of some makes special precautions necessary when they are used. Requirements of this chapter are intended to protect both the public and fire fighters from hazards associated with these products. Chapter 27 Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities The requirements of Chapter 27 are intended to control hazards associated with the manufacture of electrical circuit boards or microchips, commonly called semiconductors. Though the finished prod- uct possesses no unusual hazards, materials commonly associated with semiconductor manufactur- ing are often quite hazardous and include flammable liquids, pyrophoric and flammable gases, toxic substances, and corrosives. The requirements of this chapter are concerned with both life safety and property protection. However, the fire code official should recognize that the risk of extraordi- nary property damages is far more common than the risk of personal injuries from fire. Chapter 28 Lumber Yards and Agro-industrial, Solid Biomass and Woodworking Facilities Provisions of Chapter 28 are intended to prevent fires and explosions, facilitate fire control and reduce exposures to and from facilities storing, selling or processing wood and forest products, including sawdust, wood chips, shavings, bark mulch, shorts, finished planks, sheets, posts, poles, timber and raw logs and the hazard they represent once ignited. Also included are solid biomass feedstock and raw products associated with agro-industrial facilities, the outdoor storage of pallets, and manufacturing and recycling facilities. This chapter requires active and passive fire protection features to reduce on- and off-site exposures, limit fire size and development, and facilitate fire fighting by employees and the fire service. 2022 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE xvii Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  Chapter 29 Manufacture of Organic Coatings Chapter 29 regulates materials and processes associated with the manufacture of paints as well as bituminous, asphaltic and other diverse compounds formulated to protect buildings, machines and objects from the effects of weather, corrosion and hostile environmental exposures. Paint for deco- rative, architectural and industrial uses comprises the bulk of organic coating production. Painting and processes related to the manufacture of nonflammable and noncombustible or water-based products are exempt from the provisions of this chapter. The application of organic coatings is cov- ered by Chapter 24. Elimination of ignition sources, maintenance of fire protection equipment and isolation or segregation of hazardous operations are emphasized. Chapter 30 Industrial Ovens Chapter 30 addresses the fuel supply, ventilation, emergency shutdown equipment, fire protection and the operation and maintenance of industrial ovens, which are sometimes referred to as indus- trial heat enclosures or industrial furnaces. Compliance with this chapter is intended to reduce the likelihood of fires involving industrial ovens, which are usually the result of the fuel in use or volatile vapors given off by the materials being heated, or to manage the impact if a fire should occur. Chapter 31 Tents, Temporary Structures and Other Membrane Structures The requirements in Chapter 31 are intended to protect temporary as well as permanent tents and air-supported and other membrane structures and temporary special event structures from fire and similar hazards. These hazards are regulated through provisions related to structure location and access, anchorage, egress, heat-producing equipment, hazardous materials and operations, com- bustible vegetation, ignition sources, waste accumulation and requiring regular inspections and cer- tifying continued compliance with fire safety regulations. This chapter also addresses outdoor assembly events, which are not limited to those events where tents or other membrane structures are used but are regulated due to the number of people, density of those people and hazards asso- ciated with large outdoor events related to egress, fire hazards from cooking and other related con- cerns. Chapter 32 High-piled Combustible Storage Chapter 32 provides guidance for reasonable protection of life from hazards associated with the storage of combustible materials in closely packed piles or on pallets, in racks, or on shelves where the top of storage is greater than 12 feet in height. It provides requirements for identifying various classes of commodities; general fire and life safety features, including storage arrangements, smoke and heat venting, and fire department access; and housekeeping and maintenance requirements. The chapter attempts to define the potential fire severity and, in turn, determine fire and life safety protection measures needed to control, and in some cases suppress, a potential fire. This chapter does not cover miscellaneous combustible materials storage regulated in Section 315. Chapter 33 Fire Safety during Construction and Demolition Chapter 33 outlines general fire safety precautions for all structures and all occupancies during con- struction and demolition operations. Most importantly, this chapter addresses owner responsibility and provides requirements for a site safety plan and requires a site safety director. Generally, these requirements seek to maintain required levels of fire protection, limit fire spread, establish the appropriate operation of equipment and promote prompt response to fire emergencies. Features regulated include fire protection systems, fire fighter access to the site and building, means of egress, hazardous materials storage and use, and temporary heating equipment and other ignition sources. This chapter is consistent with both Chapter 33 of the IBC and Chapter 15 of the IEBC. Chapter 34 Tire Rebuilding and Tire Storage The requirements of Chapter 34 are intended to prevent or control fires and explosions associated with the remanufacture and storage of tires and tire byproducts. Additionally, the requirements are xviii 2022 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  intended to minimize the impact of indoor and outdoor tire storage fires by regulating pile volume and location, segregating the various operations, providing for fire department access and a water supply, and controlling ignition sources. Chapter 35 Welding and Other Hot Work Chapter 35 covers requirements for safety in welding and other types of hot work by reducing the potential for fire ignitions that often result in large losses. Several different types of hot work would fall under the requirements found in Chapter 35, including both gas and electric arc methods and any open-torch operations. Many of the activities of this chapter focus on the actions of the occu- pants. Chapter 36 Marinas Chapter 36 addresses the fire protection and prevention requirements for marinas. It was devel- oped in response to the complications encountered by a number of fire departments responsible for the protection of marinas as well as fire loss history in marinas that lacked fire protection. Com- pliance with this chapter intends to establish safe practices in marina areas, provide an identifica- tion method for mooring spaces in the marina, and provide fire fighters with safe operational areas and fire protection methods to extend hose lines in a safe manner. Chapter 37 Combustible Fibers Chapter 37 establishes the requirements for storage and handling of combustible fibers, including animal, vegetable and synthetic fibers, whether woven into textiles, baled, packaged or loose. Oper- ations involving combustible fibers are typically associated with salvage, paper milling, recycling, cloth manufacturing, carpet and textile mills and agricultural operations, among others. The pri- mary hazard associated with these operations is the abundance of materials and their ready ignit- ability. Chapter 38 Higher Education Laboratories Chapter 38 is a chapter addressing the unique needs of laboratories in higher education academic institutions. The advancement of technologies, science, medicine and our knowledge of the world often relies on having vibrant and successful academic institutions. These academic institutions often have chemistry, biology, medical, engineering and other laboratories where hazardous mate- rials are used. This chapter addresses both new and existing buildings and new and existing labora- tories. Applying the general hazardous material provisions has proven to be difficult due to the way in which these laboratories operate. This chapter offers unique solutions for laboratories that allow the necessary quantities of hazardous materials while not requiring a Group H occupancy classifica- tion. This is achieved through a series of requirements to protect and separate the hazards, thus reducing risks. This chapter also provides more flexibility for laboratories in existing buildings by allowing the use of certain materials typically prohibited through method, such as the use of stor- age cabinets or fume hoods. Chapter 39 Processing and Extraction Facilities Chapter 39 focuses on the processing and extraction of oils and fats from various plants. This pro- cess includes the extraction by use of solvent, desolventizing of the raw material and production of the miscella, and distillation of the solvent from the miscella and solvent recovery. The processes used are not necessarily typical hazardous material processes and often the systems and equipment associated with such processes are not listed. This chapter provides the tools to appropriately enforce the IFC to meet the unique needs of industry while providing the appropriate level of safety. This chapter has provisions for a technical report prepared by a registered design profes- sional. This chapter also requires site inspections to make sure equipment and systems are installed as designed and approved. 2022 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE xix Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  Chapter 40 Storage of Distilled Spirits and Wines Chapter 40 is a new chapter that provides specific requirements for the storage of distilled spirits and wines. This chapter provides a package of safety requirements to address the unique hazards associated with the storage of distilled spirits and wines, including basic fire prevention require- ments, fire protection features, storage configuration and signage. Additionally, in accordance with Section 307.1.1 of the IBC, these occupancies are not classified as a Group H occupancy. Instead, as listed in Sections 311.2 and 311.3 of the IBC, the storage of beverages that contain up to and includ- ing 16-percent alcohol are classified as a Group S-2 occupancy, and those that contain over 16-per- cent alcohol content are classified as a Group S-1 occupancy. Chapters 41 through 47 Reserved for future use. Chapter 48 Motion Picture and Television Production Studio Stages, Approved Production Facilities and Production Locations On July 23, 1982, a Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopter crashed at Indian Dunes in Valencia, Santa Clarita, California, during the making of Twilight Zone: The Movie. The crash killed three people on the ground and injured the six helicopter passengers. Those killed were actor Vic Morrow and child actors Myca Dinh Le and Renee Shin-Yi Chen. The incident led to years of civil and criminal action and was responsible for the introduction of new procedures and safety standards in the filmmaking industry. Chapter 49 Requirements for Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Areas This chapter regulates development and construction in areas designated by the Director of the Department of Forestry and Fire Protection as Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones in any Local Responsibility Area (LRA) and areas designated by the Board of Forestry and Fire Protection as a State Responsibility Area (SRA). In addition to the building construction requirements in the Califor- nia Building Code and California Residential Code, this chapter contains requirements for develop- ment and construction in the LRA designated as Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones and areas designated as SRA. While many of these provisions are found in Title 14 of the California Code of Regulations, they are replicated here for the code user. The local jurisdiction has the authority to apply the same regulations to LRA when the regulations are adopted by local ordinance. The require- ments in this chapter address the adoption of Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones in the LRA; crite- ria for evaluating existing subdivisions that are at significant fire risk and are without an adequate secondary egress; and criteria for fire safety provisions required in the Safety Element of a city or county General Plan. PART V—HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Chapter 50 Hazardous Materials—General Provisions Chapter 50 contains the general requirements for all hazardous chemicals in all occupancies. Haz- ardous chemicals are defined as those that pose an unreasonable risk to the health and safety of operating or emergency personnel, the public and the environment if not properly controlled during handling, storage, manufacture, processing, packaging, use, disposal or transportation. The general provisions of this chapter are intended to be companion provisions with the specific requirements of Chapters 51 through 67 regarding a given hazardous material. Chapter 51 Aerosols Chapter 51 addresses the prevention, control and extinguishment of fires and explosions in facilities where retail aerosol products are displayed or stored. It is concerned with both life safety and prop- xx 2022 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  erty protection from a fire; however, historically, aerosol product fires have caused property loss more frequently than loss of life. Requirements for storing aerosol products are dependent on the level of aerosol product, level of sprinkler protection, type of storage condition and quantity of aerosol products. Chapter 52 Reserved for future use. Chapter 53 Compressed Gases Chapter 53 regulates the storage, use and handling of all flammable and nonflammable compressed gases, such as those that are used in medical facilities, air separation plants, industrial plants, agri- cultural equipment facilities and similar occupancies. In addition, systems such as carbon dioxide beverage dispensing systems and carbon dioxide enrichment systems are addressed. Standards for the design, construction and marking of compressed gas cylinders and pressure vessels are refer- enced. Compressed gases used in welding and cutting, cryogenic liquids and liquefied petroleum gases are also regulated under Chapters 35, 55 and 61, respectively. Compressed gases that are classified as hazardous materials are also regulated in Chapter 50, which includes general require- ments. Chapter 54 Corrosive Materials Chapter 54 addresses the hazards of corrosive materials that have a destructive effect on living tis- sues. Although corrosive gases exist, most corrosive materials are solid or liquid and classified as either acids or bases (alkalis). These materials may pose a wide range of hazards other than corro- sivity, such as combustibility, reactivity or oxidizing hazards, and must conform to the requirements of this code with respect to all known hazards. The focus of this chapter is on materials whose pri- mary hazard is corrosivity; that is, the ability to destroy or irreparably damage living tissue on con- tact. Chapter 55 Cryogenic Fluids Chapter 55 regulates the hazards associated with the storage, use and handling of cryogenic fluids through regulation of such things as pressure relief mechanisms and proper container storage. These hazards are in addition to the code requirements that address the other hazards of cryogenic fluids such as flammability and toxicity. These other characteristics are dealt with in Chapter 50 and other chapters, such as Chapter 58 dealing with flammable gases. Cryogens are hazardous because they are held at extremely low temperatures and high pressures. Many cryogenic fluids, however, are actually inert gases and would not be regulated elsewhere in this code. Cryogens are used for many applications but specifically have had widespread use in the biomedical field and in space pro- grams. Chapter 56 Explosives and Fireworks Chapter 56 prescribes minimum requirements for the safe manufacture, storage, handling and use of explosives, ammunition and blasting agents for commercial and industrial occupancies. These provisions are intended to protect the general public, emergency responders and individuals who handle explosives. Chapter 56 also regulates the manufacturing, retail sale, display and wholesale distribution of fireworks, establishing the requirements for obtaining approval to manufacture, store, sell, discharge or conduct a public display, and references national standards for regulations governing manufacture, storage and public displays. Chapter 57 Flammable and Combustible Liquids The requirements of Chapter 57 are intended to reduce the likelihood of fires involving the storage, handling, use or transportation of flammable and combustible liquids. Adherence to these practices 2022 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE xxi Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  may also limit damage in the event of an accidental fire involving these materials. These liquids are used for fuel, lubricants, cleaners, solvents, medicine and even drinking. The danger associated with flammable and combustible liquids is that the vapors from these liquids, when combined with air in their flammable range, will burn or explode at temperatures near normal living and working envi- ronment. The protection provided by this code is to prevent the flammable and combustible liquids from being ignited. Chapter 58 Flammable Gases and Flammable Cryogenic Fluids Chapter 58 sets requirements for the storage and use of flammable gases. For safety purposes, there is a limit on the quantities of flammable gas allowed per control area. Exceeding these limita- tions increases the possibility of damage to both property and individuals. The principal hazard posed by flammable gas is its ready ignitability, or even explosivity, when mixed with air in the proper proportions. Consequently, occupancies storing or handling large quantities of flammable gas are classified as Group H- 2 (high hazard) by the IBC. Chapter 59 Flammable Solids Chapter 59 addresses general requirements for storage and handling of flammable solids, especially magnesium; however, it is important to note that several other solid materials, primarily metals including, but not limited to, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, calcium, zinc, sodium, lithium, potas- sium, sodium/potassium alloys, uranium, thorium and plutonium, can be explosion hazards under the right conditions. Some of these metals are almost exclusively laboratory materials but because of where they are used, fire service personnel must be trained to handle emergency situations. Because uranium, thorium and plutonium are also radioactive materials, they present still more specialized problems for fire service personnel. Chapter 60 Highly Toxic and Toxic Materials The main purpose of Chapter 60 is to protect occupants, emergency responders and those in the immediate area of the building and facility from short-term, acute hazards associated with a release or general exposure to toxic and highly toxic materials. This chapter deals with all three states of toxic and highly toxic materials: solids, liquids and gases. This code does not address long-term exposure effects of these materials, which are addressed by agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Chapter 61 Liquefied Petroleum Gases Chapter 61 establishes requirements for the safe handling, storing and use of LP-gas to reduce the possibility of damage to containers, accidental releases of LP-gas and exposure of flammable con- centrations of LP-gas to ignition sources. LP-gas (notably propane) is well known as a camping fuel for cooking, lighting, heating and refrigerating and also remains a popular standby fuel supply for auxiliary generators as well as being widely used as an alternative motor vehicle fuel. Its characteris- tic as a clean-burning fuel has resulted in the addition of propane dispensers to service stations throughout the country. Chapter 62 Organic Peroxides Chapter 62 addresses the hazards associated with the storage, handling and use of organic perox- ides and intends to manage the fire and oxidation hazards of organic peroxides by preventing their uncontrolled release. These chemicals possess the characteristics of flammable or combustible liq- uids and are also strong oxidizers. This unusual combination of properties requires special storage and handling precautions to prevent uncontrolled release, contamination, hazardous chemical reac- tions, fires or explosions. The requirements of this chapter pertain to industrial applications in which significant quantities of organic peroxides are stored or used; however, smaller quantities of organic peroxides still pose a significant hazard and, therefore, must be stored and used in accor- dance with the applicable provisions of this chapter and Chapter 50. xxii 2022 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  Chapter 63 Oxidizers, Oxidizing Gases and Oxidizing Cryogenic Fluids Chapter 63 addresses the hazards associated with solid, liquid, gaseous and cryogenic fluid oxidizing materials, including oxygen in home use, and establishes criteria for their safe storage and protec- tion in indoor and outdoor storage facilities, minimizing the potential for uncontrolled releases and contact with fuel sources. Although oxidizers themselves do not burn, they pose unique fire hazards because of their ability to support combustion by breaking down and giving off oxygen. Chapter 64 Pyrophoric Materials Chapter 64 regulates the hazards associated with pyrophoric materials, which are capable of spon- taneously igniting in the air at or below a temperature of 130°F (54°C). Many pyrophoric materials also pose severe flammability or reactivity hazards. This chapter addresses only the hazards associ- ated with pyrophoric materials. Materials that pose multiple hazards must conform to the require- ments of the code with respect to all hazards. Chapter 65 Pyroxylin (Cellulose Nitrate) Plastics Chapter 65 addresses the significant hazards associated with pyroxylin (cellulose nitrate) plastics, which are the most dangerous and unstable of all plastic compounds. The chemically bound oxygen in their structure permits them to burn vigorously in the absence of atmospheric oxygen at a rate 15 times greater than comparable common combustibles. Strict compliance with the provisions of this chapter, along with proper housekeeping and storage arrangements, helps to reduce the hazards associated with pyroxylin (cellulose nitrate) plastics in a fire or other emergencies. Chapter 66 Unstable (Reactive) Materials Chapter 66 addresses the hazards of unstable (reactive) liquid and solid materials as well as unsta- ble (reactive) compressed gases. In addition to their unstable reactivity, these materials may pose other hazards, such as toxicity, corrosivity, explosivity, flammability or oxidizing potential. This chapter, however, intends to address those materials whose primary hazard is unstable reactivity. Materials that pose multiple hazards must conform to the requirements of the code with respect to all hazards. Strict compliance with the provisions of this chapter, along with proper housekeeping and storage arrangements, help reduce the exposure hazards associated with unstable (reactive) materials in a fire or other emergency. Chapter 67 Water-reactive Solids and Liquids Chapter 67 addresses the hazards associated with water-reactive materials that are solid or liquid at normal temperatures and pressures. In addition to their water reactivity, these materials may pose a wide range of other hazards, such as toxicity, flammability, corrosiveness or oxidizing potential. This chapter addresses only those materials whose primary hazard is water reactivity. Materials that pose multiple hazards must conform to the requirements of the code with respect to all hazards. Strict compliance with the requirements of this chapter, along with proper housekeeping and stor- age arrangements, helps to reduce the exposure hazards associated with water-reactive materials in a fire or other emergency. Chapters 68 through 79 Reserved for future use. 2022 CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE xxiii Copyright © 2023 by, or licensed to, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by City of Los Angeles Fire Department pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. ANY UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION IS A VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL COPYRIGHT ACT AND THE LICENSE AGREEMENT, AND SUBJECT TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES THEREUNDER.  PART VI—REFERENCED STANDARDS Chapter 80 Referenced Standards This code contains several references to standards that are used to regulate materials and methods of construction. Chapter 80 contains a comprehensive list of all standards that are referenced in this code. The standards are part of the code to the extent of the reference to the standard (see Section 102.7). Compliance with the referenced standard is necessary for compliance with this code. By pro- viding specifically adopted standards, the construction and installation requirements necessary for compliance with this code can be readily determined. The basis for code compliance is, therefore, established and available on an equal basis to the code official, contractor, designer and owner. Chapter 80 is organized in a manner that makes it easy to locate specific standards. It lists all of the referenced standards alphabetically by acronym of the promulgating agency of the standard. Each agency’s standards are then listed in either alphabetical or numeric order based on the stan- dard identification. The list also contains the title of the standard, the edition (date) of the standard referenced, any addenda included as part of the ICC adoption, and the section or sections of this code that reference the standard. PART VII—APPENDICES Appendix Chapter 4 Special Detailed Requirements Based on Use and Occupancy Appendix Chapter 4 provides detailed criteria for special uses and occupancies. The unique charac- teristics of a live/work unit as opposed to a 30-story high-rise building call for specific standards for each. Twenty-seven sections address covered and open mall buildings, atriums, hospitals, stages, buildings where hazardous materials are used and stored, jails and prisons, ambulatory care facili- ties and storm shelters, among other special occupancy issues. Appendix A Board of Appeals Appendix A contains optional criteria that, when adopted, provide jurisdictions with detailed appeals, board member qualifications and administrative procedures to supplement the basic requirements found in Section 111 of this code. Note that the provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in the adopting ordinance. Appendix B Fire-flow Requirements for Buildings Appendix B provides a tool for the use of jurisdictions in establishing a policy for determining