BIOS255 Exam 1 Review PDF

Introduction- General functions of cardiovascular System and composition of Blood Different parts to centrifuged blood and what is in each part: o Plasma – 55% (water, dissolved gasses, nutrients, waste products, proteins) o Buffy Coat – less than 1% (WBCs and Platelets) o Hematocrit (Erythrocyte) –...

Introduction- General functions of cardiovascular System and composition of Blood Different parts to centrifuged blood and what is in each part: o Plasma – 55% (water, dissolved gasses, nutrients, waste products, proteins) o Buffy Coat – less than 1% (WBCs and Platelets) o Hematocrit (Erythrocyte) – 45% (RBC) Three formed elements found in blood o RBCs (Erythrocytes): 4.2 – 6.2 million/µL o WBCs (Leukocytes): 5,000 – 10,000/µL o Platelets: 130,000 – 360,000/µL An introduction to Erythrocytes, their role, homeostasis, disorders, blood groups and clinical significance Red Blood Cells (RBCs) – lack a nucleus, biconcave disc shape, bags of hemoglobin, carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide o Formed in the red bone marrow from the hematopoietic stem cell, myeloid stem cell, erythroblast, reticulocyte, mature RBC ▪ To make an RBC you need: EPO (released from kidney due to low oxygen in the blood – hypoxemia); amino acids; iron (ferrin); vitamin B12 ▪ The steps to hemoglobin recycling: functions of bilirubin, biliverdin, stercobilin, urobilinogen, and transferrin ▪ Hemoglobin is made up of iron (4 heme groups) and globin (protein) o Disorders: Polycythemia, Anemia, Sickle-cell Disease o ABO Blood Typing: Antigens versus Antibodies, blood type compatibilities introduction to Leukocytes Never Neutrophils Let Lymphocytes My Monocytes 60% 30% 8% Engine Eosinophils 3% Blow Basophils >1% Two categories of leukocytes o Granulocyte: -phils; Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils o Agranulocytes: -cytes; Monocytes, Lymphocytes Lymphoid stem cells: give rise to B-cell lymphocytes, T-cell lymphocytes, and Natural Killer cells Myeloid stem cells: give rise to RBCs, platelet, Monocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils Introduction to Thrombocytes Microphages (phagocytic), bacterial infections T and B-cells, mount immune response, cancer cells, viruses Macrophages, phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, and debris of dead cells Parasitic worms, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals Allergic reactions, secrete histamine, secrete heparin Three steps to hemostasis o Vascular spasm o Platelet plug formation o Coagulation ▪ Extrinsic pathway ▪ Intrinsic pathway ▪ Common pathway – Prothrombin, thrombin, and fibrin o Clot retraction Disorders: Hemophilia, Thrombosis, Embolus, Hematoma Gross and Microscopic anatomy of the heart Location and position of the heart Pericardium: parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium Layers to the Heart Wall: Epicardium (same is visceral pericardium), Myocardium (contains cardiac muscle), and Endocardium R and L Atrium, R and L Ventricle and the great vessels that attach to each. Left ventricle the thickest since it sends blood against gravity to the brain. Heart valves: o AV valves ▪ Tricuspid – right ▪ Bicuspid/Mitral – left o Semilunar valves ▪ Pulmonic – right ventricle and pulmonary trunk ▪ Aortic – left ventricle and aorta Surface anatomy and internal structures Coronary circulation Microscopic anatomy of the heart muscle – short, fat, branched, uninucleated, striated, involuntary, intercalated disc Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction Autorhythmic Depolarize through leakage of potassium Reaching threshold opens voltage-gated sodium channels, slow voltage calcium channels, and voltage-gated potassium channels. Blood flow through heart Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, and Coronary sinus; Right atrium; Tricuspid valve; Right ventricle; Pulmonary semilunar valve; Pulmonary trunk; Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries; Lungs; Right and Left Pulmonary Veins; Left Atrium; Bicuspid/Mitral valve; Left ventricle; Aortic valve; Aorta Electrical conduction system of the heart and electrocardiogram SA node, AV node (bundle), Bundle branches, Purkinje fibers P wave – atrial depolarization PQ interval – ventricular filling QRS Complex – Ventricular depolarization ST segment – ventricular emptying T wave – ventricular repolarization Cardiac cycle Systolic versus Diastolic o Atrial Systole/Ventricular Diastole – AV valves OPEN, Semilunar valves CLOSED o Atrial Diastole/Ventricular Systole – AV valves CLOSED, Semilunar valves OPEN o Matching electrical conduction to heart systole vs diastole o Pressure and volume relation. As volume goes up, pressure goes down. As volume goes down, pressure goes up. Cardiac cycle lasts from one p wave to the beginning of the next p wave. Regulation of Cardiac Output, Stroke Volume and Heart rate CO = SV x HR o Since cardiac output is affected by stroke volume (amount of blood leaving the left ventricle per beat) and the heart rate (beats per minute) anything that effects volume of blood or how fast or slow the heart beats will affect CO SV = EDV - ESV