Biopsych Notes 1 PDF

UNIT 1 Nervous BASICS OF BIOLOGICAL System PSYCHOLOGY  NERVES THAT CONNECT WITH THE SPINE, EXCEPT 12 CRANIAL NERVES - VAGUS NERVE...

UNIT 1 Nervous BASICS OF BIOLOGICAL System PSYCHOLOGY  NERVES THAT CONNECT WITH THE SPINE, EXCEPT 12 CRANIAL NERVES - VAGUS NERVE NERVES THAT CONNECT WITH THE SPINE, EXCEPT 12 CRANIAL NERVES - VAGUS NERVE INTERACTS WITH REGULATES INTERNAL EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT PART OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM INSIDE THE SKULL AND SPINE CNS TO INTERNAL ORGANS SENSORY & MOTOR NERVES FROM INTERNAL ORGANS TO SKELETOMUSCULAR CNS CNS NERVES TO CNS O V E R V I E W O F T H E N E R V O U S S Y S T E M STIMULATE AND CONSERVE ENERGY MOBILISE ENERGY  CNS IS THE Most protected Meninges and safe guarded Tough protective outer covering Looks like a spider web Large blood vessels and CSF - cushion (too much and too little) Soft part covering the CNS Cerebrospinal Fluid All are interconnected forming a single reservoir. Cerebral Ventricles Location: Sub - arachnoid space, Four large internal chambers of the brain. 2 lateral, third central canal and ventricles. and fourth Hydrocephalus Support and cushions the brain. Produced by the CHOROID PLEXUSES. V E N T R I C L E S A N D C E R E B R O S P I N A L F L U I D  THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER Protects the brain (electrochemical organ) from chemicals - neurons cannot be replaced How does it work? Tightly packed vs loosely packed - implications - glucose, rabies, gential herpes, chicken pox - once in always in. Passive (O2, CO2, H20, Fats solvents)Vs active (transport certain molecules allowed - if faulty - disorders  Directions in the Directions vertebrate Nervous system Anterior - towards the nose Posterior - towards tail end dorsal - back or top of head (superior) ventral - chest or bottom of head (inferior) Medial - towards midline Lateral - towards surfaces Proximal - closer to CNS x distal  Cells of the nervous system NEURONS - NERVE CELLS GLIAL CELLS NEURONS Neurons are cells specialized for the reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical SUPPORTING CELLS signals (nerve impulse). VARIOUS SIZES AND SHAPES 100 - 1000 billion - millions lost - serve the needs of the neurons - LONGEST LIVED CELLS necessary physical and functional repair, shape, control IRREPLACEABLE - BORN WITH ALL development HUNGRY AS HELL - 25% number more than neuron E X T E R N A L A N A T O M Y O F A N E U R O N  carries information from the N E U R O N cell body to the cell button 80:20 - thicker - before birth 0.005 to 0.1mm - diameter till adolescence or young adulthood various shapes A O F A N A T O M Y presynaptic terminals/ end bulb E X T E R N A L synaptic cleft can occur on soma or dendrites  stalk sensory (skin), are usually sensory joints, muscles and internal organs classes OF NEURONS  Neuro Anatomical structures |PRIMARLIY CELL BODIES| |PRIMARLIY AXONS| |BRAIN - NUCLEI| |CNS - TRACTS| |PNS - GANGLIA| |PNS - NERVES| TISSUE - GRAY MATTER TISSUE - WHITE MATTER  chromosomes - DNA - protein synthesis - cytoskeleton,enzymes Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) N E U R O N A O F A N A T O M Y anterograde and retrograde axoplasmic transport I N T E R N A L  The spinal chord 5 CENTRAL NERVOUS NERVES THAT CONNECT WITH THE SPINE, EXCEPT 12 CRANIAL NERVES - VAGUS NERVE SYSTEM  The Brain  From the Neural Tube The Hindbrain Posterior part of the brain, Consists of medulla, pons, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum Myelencephalon / Medulla - RETICULAR FORMATION contains tracts that carries information from the brain and body RF: 100 tiny nuclei - core of the brain stem - posterior boundary of mylencephalon to anterior boundary of mind brain Functions: selective attention (Ignore constant unchanging stimuli, and become alert in case of changes), movement, muscle tone, circulatory, cardiac and respiratory reflexes helps people be alert and aroused, sleep Damages: ADHD coma - life functions become compromised The Hindbrain Rombencephalon Posterior part of the brain, Consists of medulla, pons, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum Metencephalon contains many ascending and descending tracts PONS Functions: cross over of motor nerves carrying information from the brain to the body - left right body coordination sleep, dreaming and arousal Damages: loss of muscle functions The Hindbrain Rombencephalon Posterior part of the brain, Consists of medulla, pons, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum METENCEPHALON - CEREBELLUM (Little Brain) Location: base of skull, behind pons Functions: involuntary, rapid, fine motor movements Balance - posture, muscle tone voluntary movements that need to happen in rapid succession - even speech (Once learn very well) Learned reflexes, skills habits - automatic behaviours Damages: Extreme uncoordination The Midbrain Mesencephalon Dwarfed in mammals, Consists of tectum and tegmentum Functions: route for sensory information - vision signals eye movements and neck muscle activity auditory processing - discriminating pitch and rhythm orienting the body towards certain stimuli creating the startle response pain and rewarding feelings The Midbrain Mesencephalon Dwarfed in mammals, Consists of tectum and tegmentum DAMAGES Irregular eye positioning Inability to focus vision Vision problems eye movement problems uncoordinated movements The Forebrain Prosencephalon - Forward Brain Divided into 2 - Diencephalon (Between brain) & Telencephalon (End - brain) DIENCEPHALON - Thalamus & Hypothalamus large two lobed structure, consists of many different pairs of nuclei which project into the cortex Sensory relay nuclei - LGN (visual), MGN (auditory), ventral posterior (somatosensory) relay station for incoming sensory information and also receive feedback does some degree of processing before sending it to the parts of the brain that processes information DAMAGES: partial or complete loss of all sensations Except - smell (it is not affected by damage to the thalamus) The Forebrain Prosencephalon - Forward Brain Divided into 2 - Diencephalon (Between brain) & Telencephalon (End - brain) DIENCEPHALON - Thalamus & Hypothalamus Location: below and in front of the thalamus regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep and wake, sex and emotions, motivated behaviours Ultimate regulation of hormones - controls pituitary DAMAGES: Hypothalamic pituitary disorders Diabetes Prader willi syndrome - constant urge to eat Kallmann syndrome - delayed or no puberty The Forebrain Prosencephalon - Forward Brain Telencephalon (End - brain): largest, voluntary movement, mediates sensory inputs, complex cognition Cerebral cortex - 90% is neo cortex (6 layers) Outer - gray matter, inner white matter Highly convoluted Large convolutions - fissures (3 longtiudinal -Cerebral Commissures - corpus callosum, lateral and central) , L and C gives the four lobes small - Sulci and gyri The lobes are not functional units. Lobes and functions: Occipital: analysis of visual input Parietal lobe: analyzes sensations from the body, perceiving location, directing attention Temporal: hearing and language, complex visual pattern, kinds of memory Frontal: complex cognitive functions A R E S O F T H E B R A I N The Forebrain Prosencephalon - Forward Brain Telencephalon (End - brain): largest, voluntary movement, mediates sensory inputs, complex cognition TELENCEPHALON - Limbic - Hippocampus and Basal Ganglia not neo cortex, but in cortex. others parts are sub - cortical Psychological functioning - memory (*), learning, compare information and expectations, space and mapping, DAMAGES: memory related disorders (both sides) - anterograde amnesia, Alzheimer's , affects recall Epilepsy Depression - less volume The Forebrain Prosencephalon - Forward Brain Divided into 2 - Diencephalon (Between brain) & Telencephalon (End - brain) TELENCEPHALON - Limbic - Amygdala, Basal Ganglia Both BG AND LS Fear responses and memory of fear - quick responses Activates fight or flight responses influences motivation, emotional control, interpretation on non verbal expressions decision making DAMAGES: Kluver - Bucy syndrome - decreased or no fear response Hyper vigilance problems in emotional regulations The Forebrain Prosencephalon - Forward Brain Divided into 2 - Diencephalon (Between brain) & Telencephalon (End - brain) TELENCEPHALON - Limbic - Amygdala, Basal Ganglia Evolutionarily conserved Both BG AND LS Amygdala, caudate, Putamen (C+P = striatum), globus Pallidus, nucleus accumbens Functions: voluntary motor movements, decision making, rewarding effects, planning sequence of behaviours, certain aspects of memory, emotional expression Damages: Parkinson, Huntington’s  1. Is it the same cause? In babies - rapid growth in head size, vomiting, seizure, 2. How does Schwann sleepiness In old people - headaches, double vision, poor balance, cells help in neuronal 3. your case personality changes, mental impairment, urinary incontinence regeneration?