Biology - Sir Ikel (Day 2) PDF

BIOLOGY - SIR IKEL (DAY 2) Monday, 1 July 2024 5:11 pm Atom - smallest unit of matter Additional notes: Electron - negatively charged ; discovered by JJ THOMPSON ; first subatomic particle to be discovered...

BIOLOGY - SIR IKEL (DAY 2) Monday, 1 July 2024 5:11 pm Atom - smallest unit of matter Additional notes: Electron - negatively charged ; discovered by JJ THOMPSON ; first subatomic particle to be discovered - Starfish - produce thru fragmentation ; Proton - positively charged ; named by ERNEST RUTHERFORD ; observed by Goldstein as H+ and then they will regenerate Nucleus - center of an atom (regeneration) Neutron - neutral charge ; discovered by JAMES CHADWICK ; he got Nobel prize for discovering neutron - Parthenogenesis characteristics: development of offspring without fertilization Carbon ▪ Most abundant element and can have stronger bonds with other - Internal fertilization - occurs inside the elements ; can form products with various properties female's body ; within the living ▪ Can form stable covalent bonds ▪ Can create complex molecules - External fertilization - happens outside the female's body ; within the glass ▪ Reasons why we do this? □ Infertility ANIMAL BIOLOGY: REPRODUCTION □ Genetic disorders □ Fertility preservation Gametes ▪ Sperm - smallest cell Protist that causes Malaria ▪ Ovum - largest cell ▪ Plasmodium - female ▪ Produce organisms thru sexual reproduction ANOPHELES mosquito feed ▪ Carry half genetic material (haploid) ; body cell (diploid) on human blood and acts as a 'vector' for the parasite Spermatogenesis Cats and dogs - both belong to CARNIVORA ▪ Male produces sperm from testes order ▪ Spermache - first release of sperm by a male This is TRUE about FUNGI Oogenesis ▪ Some are pathogenic ▪ Female produces ovum from ovaries ▪ For symbiotic relationship ▪ Menarche - first menstrual period by a female with algae ▪ Fungi are heterotrophic ▪ Some are edible TYPES OF REPROUCTION ▪ Sexual - fusion of gametes and there two parents ; offspring show genetic Mammals variation ; gametes produced by meiotic divisions and zygote develop by ▪ With fur mitotic division ▪ Warm blooded ▪ Asexual - no fusion ; no gametes ; cell division is mitotic ; single parent ; ▪ Able to feed their offspring independent thru mammary gland □ Fission - bacteria □ Budding - yeast □ Spore formation - fungi Example of homeostatic mechanisms: □ Fragmentation - planaria spirogyra ▪ Supply nutrients to body □ Regeneration - planaria ; lizards can regenerate cells □ Vegetative propagation - vegetative plants ▪ Temperature in normal range ▪ Blood and its pH kept within TYPES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION certain limits ▪ Isogamy - fusion of similar gametes are usually motile ▪ Bisexual reproduction - union of gametes from two genetically different Cnidarians like jellyfish and hydra possess parents an organ for protection ▪ Heterogamy - fusion of dissimilar gametes ▪ Organ - Nematocyst ; it ▪ Hermaphrodite - involves organism with both male and female contains poison ; can kill by reproductive organs ; also called SELF FERTILIZATION ; this is uncommon ; stinging example: worm In angiosperms fruit is develops into: TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION OVARY ▪ Binary fission - single cell splits ▪ Fragmentation - breaking down its parts from bigger parts to smaller parts ▪ Budding - new organism develops from an outgrowth During light dependent reaction, what is the ▪ Vegetative propagation - new plants grows from a fragment of its parents primary role of chlorophyll? ABSORBING ▪ Sporulation - produce single celled diploid spores LIGHT ENERGY ▪ Parthenogenesis - development of a female gamete without fertilization YT-MAJOR Page 1  ▪ Budding - new organism develops from an outgrowth During light dependent reaction, what is the ▪ Vegetative propagation - new plants grows from a fragment of its parents primary role of chlorophyll? ABSORBING ▪ Sporulation - produce single celled diploid spores LIGHT ENERGY ▪ Parthenogenesis - development of a female gamete without fertilization ▪ Apomixis - formation of seeds from ovules without meiosis and Final electron acceptor in the ELECTRON fertilization TRANSPORT CHAIN of cellular respiration? ▪ Regeneration - regeneration of missing parts OXYGEN Modes of reproduction: ▪ Oviparous - there's the presence of eggs ▪ Ovoviviparous - the egg is hatched inside the mother's body ▪ Viviparous - offspring is developed inside the mother's body ; humans Ontogeny - focuses on the development of an individual organism Domain proposed by Carl Woese's in 1990 classification are: ▪ Archaea ▪ Bacteria ▪ Eukarya Mnemonic: BAE - BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, EUKARYA Arthropods vs. Annelids ▪ Arthropods have jointed legs, while annelids have none Annelids Arthropods Have true body cavity Have false body cavity with blood Do no not have jointed legs Have jointed legs Chitinous exoskeleton is absent Chitinous exoskeleton is present PLANT BIOLOGY: CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS ▪ Based on their evolutionary and genetic relationship Vascular plant - has vascular system ; like trees ▪ Have true stems, leaves and roots ▪ Produce thru SPOROPHYTE GENERATION ▪ Higher diversity ; drought resistant Non-vascular plant - lack vascular system ▪ Tender and shorter ▪ Produce thru: gametophyte ▪ Lower density ▪ Susceptible thus more associated with water sources and swamps Gymnosperm Angiosperm Non-flowering plants ; cone bearing Flowering plants YT-MAJOR Page 2 Non-flowering plants ; cone bearing Flowering plants Reproductive system in cones Reproductive system in flowers Unenclosed or naked seeds Seed enclosed within ovary Needle-like leaves Flat leaves Evergreen Seasonal life cycle Had haploid tissue Has triploid tissue Mainly pollinated by wind Pollinated by animals, wind, water Softwood Hardwood Example: APPLE, WHEAT, MAPLE Example: PINE, CYPRESS, YEW, GINGKO Monocot - 1 cotyledon ; fibrous ; parallel leaf veins ; scattered vascular bundles ; flower parts in threes Dicot - 2 cotyledons ; tap root ; net leaf veins ; vascular bundles form ring ; flower parts in fours or fives PLANT PARTS ○ Roots - anchor the plant ▪ Absorb water and minerals ○ Stems - provide support ▪ Serve as transportation system ○ Leaves - site of photosynthesis ▪ Equipped with chlorophyll ○ Flowers - reproductive organs of plants ▪ Contain male and female reproductive structures ○ Fruits - develop from fertilized ovaries ▪ Serve to protect and disperse seeds ○ Buds - undeveloped or embryonic shoots ▪ Can develop into leaves, flowers, or stems ○ Seeds - results of the fertilization process ▪ Contain a young plant (embryo) ○ Chloroplasts - organelles responsible for photosynthesis ○ Mitochondria - powerhouse of the cell ○ Stomata - tiny pores found on the surface ; regulate has exchange ○ Xylem - transports water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plants ○ Phloem - transport foods made from leaves during photosynthesis to the other parts of the plants PLANT TISSUES ○ Dermal tissue - protective layer of the plant ; epidermis ; stomata ○ Ground tissue - responsible for various metabolic functions (photosynthesis) ; parenchyma - for photosynthesis ; collenchyma - provide support ; sclerenchyma - provide rigidity ○ Vascular tissue - transportation of minerals, waters and food ; xylem and phloem - sugars ○ Meristematic tissues - apical meristem - increases height ; intercalary meristem - increases internode length ; lateral meristem - increases girth ROOT SYSTEMS ○ Taproot - single thick and main root ; grows vertically downward ; geotropism ○ Adventitious - arise form plant parts ▪ Fibrous - hair-like roots ; dense network of roots ; advantageous for preventing soil erosion ▪ Foliar - arise from petiole ▪ True adventitious - arise from stem ○ Primary root - first root that grow ○ Storage root - modified roots ; carrots and potatoes ○ Prop roots - mangroves Aerial roots - roots grow above the ground YT-MAJOR Page 3  ○ Aerial roots - roots grow above the ground ○ Stilt root - bamboo ○ Floating roots - aquatic plants ; lilies PLANT STEM ○ Woody stem - tough and thick ; wood, trees, shrubs ○ Herbaceous stems - soft, green, juicy, and squishy PLANT LIFE CYCLE Annuals Biennials Perennials Single season Two years Longer lifespan herbaceous herbaceous Woody or herbaceous MODIEFIED STEM ○ Rhizome - underground horizontal stem ; ginger ○ Bulb - underground stem ; stores food ; onion ○ Corm - solid modified leaves ; gabi or taro ○ Tuber - potato ○ Runner or stolon - horizontal system runs above ; produce plants per node ○ Sucker - arise from underground portion of the stem ○ Offset - usually seen in water lilies ○ Thorn - used by roses for protection ○ Tendril - used for vegetative reproduction STEM: FEATURES ○ Node - where a leaf or bud is or was ○ Internode - portion of stem between two nodes ○ Termina bud - borne at apex of many stems ; pinaka-taas ○ Axillary bud - lateral bud ○ Petiole - stalk that joins a leaf to a stem ○ Abscission layer - barrier of thin-walled parenchyma cells PLANT LEAF ○ Axil - upper angle between a leaf stalk or branch and the stem ○ Petiole - stalk that connects the blade to the stem ○ Veins - vein like structure in the leaf ○ Midrib - line the separates the leaf into two ; main vein of leaf ○ Blade - flat ; edges of the leaf LEAF MARGIN ○ Entire leaf ○ Toothed leaf ○ Lobed leaf ○ Parted leaf LEAF SHAPE ○ Oval ○ Obovate ○ Elliptical ○ Spatulate ○ Cordate ○ Reniform ○ Hastate YT-MAJOR Page 4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS ○ By product: glucose and oxygen ○ Needs: Carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, and sunlight Types of Photosynthesis: ○ Light-dependent reaction ○ Light-independent reaction or Calvin cycle ▪ Carbon fixation ▪ Reduction phase ▪ Carbohydrate formation ▪ Regeneration phase PLANT DEVELOPMENT YT-MAJOR Page 5 PLANT DEVELOPMENT ○ Sporophyte - diploid ○ Gametophyte - haploid ▪ Female gametophyte - megaspore ▪ Male gametophyte - microspores LIFE CYLES ○ Haplontic - undergoes haploid stage in a multicellular way ; egg cell is fertilized ○ Haplo-diplontic - includes multicellular diploid sporophyte ; haploid generation ○ Diplontic - sporophyte and gametophyte is represented by a single celled gamete NUTRITION OF PLANTS ○ Autotroph - can create own food ; producers ▪ Needs: sunlight, water, CO2, macronutrients, micronutrients ▪ Algae, some bacteria, phytoplankton ○ Heterotroph - can't make own food ; consumers ▪ Protozoa, fungi, bacteria ROOT SYSTEM AND INTERACTIONS ○ The roots hairs get nutrients from the soil ; also interact with fungi ▪ Mycorrhizal fungi PLANT ADAPTATION ○ Parasitism - example: dwarf mistletoe ○ Predation - example: Venus flytrap ○ Symbiosis GAS EXCHANGE ○ Leaves: stomata ○ Stems: lenticles ○ Roots: root hairs ○ Roots: pneumatophores TROPISM - responses towards certain stimuli ○ Geotropism - gravity ○ Hydrotropism - water ○ Thigmotropism - touch ○ Phototropism - light ○ Chemotropism - chemical stimuli ○ Crytropism - cold or freezing conditions ○ Galvanotropism - response to electric currents ○ Rheotropism - response to water currents or fluid flow ○ Chromotropism - response to color or specific wavelength of light PLANT HORMONES ○ Auxin (IAA) - stimulates stem elongation ; enhance apical dominance ○ Cytokinin - affect growth and differentiation ; stimulate germination ○ Gibberellins - promote seed and bud germination ; stimulate flowering and development of fruit ○ Brassinosteroids - inhibit root growth ○ Abscisic acid - closes stomata during water stress ; promotes seed dormancy ○ Ethylene - promotes fruit ripening TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS Root pressure Capillary action Transpiration pull From roots to stem Upward movement of Strongest force that will cause due to osmotic water in small plants (not water to rise up to the leaves of tall pressure applicable of tall trees trees PLANT PROPAGATION Selective breeding Hybridization Artificial selection Breed best performing Combining different species to Choosing and breeding plants with desirable create hybrids with organisms with specific traits to YT-MAJOR Page 6 plants with desirable create hybrids with organisms with specific traits to traits advantageous traits achieve certain goals YT-MAJOR Page 7