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These are notes on various biology topics, covering blood groups, the nervous system, reproduction, sense organs, glands, body cavities, nutrition, and cell structure. The notes appear to be from a high school or introductory level university class, focusing on cell biology and animal systems.
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BIOLOGY PAGE NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. BLOOD GROUP 9. 10. NERVOUS SYSTEM 11. REPRODUCTION SYSTEN 12. SENSE ORGANS 13. GLAND 14. CAVITY OF BODY 15. NUTRITION 16. 2 ...
BIOLOGY PAGE NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. BLOOD GROUP 9. 10. NERVOUS SYSTEM 11. REPRODUCTION SYSTEN 12. SENSE ORGANS 13. GLAND 14. CAVITY OF BODY 15. NUTRITION 16. 2 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE BIOLOGY Zoology & Botany Zoology:– Zoology (CELL) Cytology Father of Cytology Father of Bactriology (Brain) Note:– (1) (2) (Protoplasm) 80% 33 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Cell wall) (Cell membrane) (Mitrocondriya) ATP Power house (Endoplasmic Reticulam) ER Smooth ER Rough ER Ribosome (Ribosome) 70 S Ribosome 80 S Ribosome S = Sedimentation Coefficient Golgi body / Golgi Apparatus (Centrosome) Cell Plate 44 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Centrosome (Lysosome) enzyme Atom bomb RBC RBC Spleen RBC (Nucleous) 80% (Vacuales) (Store) (Plastide) (Plastids) Claroplast Leucoplast Cromoplast (Cholaroplast) (Leucoplast) (Cromoplast) Ex.– 55 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (70 S) (80 S) Vacules Q. (A) (B) ER (C) (D) (CROMOSOME) (Satellite) (Centromer) (Telomer) Aran 66 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Cromsome Cromsome DNA DNA Gene GENE GENE Male Female 44 + xy 44 + xy Bar Baby No of x – 1 Male 1–1=0 Female 2–1=1 Cromsome— 1 14 16 20 24 26 18, 36 46 48 48 48 1600 (Nuclic acid) DNA & RNA DNA (Dioxy Ribo Nuclic acid) 77 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Poly Nucleotide) DNA Polyneualeotide Nuclioside Phasphate Suger Nitrogen Base Ribose Dioxy Ribose (A) (G) (C) (T) DNA term 34Aº DNA term 10 Nucleotide Nucleotide 3.4Aº DNA Double Standered Adenine thymine Double Hydrogon bond Guanine Cytocine Triple Hydrogen bond Trik:– A = T GC 88 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE RNA Ribose Nuclic acid Single standered Ribose suger Nitrogen base Adenine, Guanine, Cytocine Thymine Urecil Protin RNA m-RNA t-RNA r-RNA Massenger RNA (m-RNA) Amino acid Transfer RNA (t-RNA) Amino acid Ribosome Ribosome RNA (r-RNA) DNA RNA Transcription RNA DNA Reverse Transcription RNA Protein translation DNA DNA Replication i ca t i on pl Transcription Translation Re DNA RNA Protein Reverse transcription (CELL DIVISION) Mother cell Daughter cell Centrosome Cell Plate (Amitosis) (Mitosis) (Miosis) 99 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 1. (Amitosis) Procaryotic Mother-cell 2. (Mitosis) (Sometic cell) (Ovum & Sperm) Mother-cell Daughter cell Daughter cell Cromosome Inter Phase DNA Cromsome Pro- Phase Splinder-Fiber Meta - Phase Splinder-fiber Ana-Phase Cromsome Telo-Phase Splinder - fiber Remark:– (a) (b) 3. (Meiosis) (sperm & Ovum) Cromosome Crossing Over Prophase 10 10 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Prophase Male Female 44 2(XY) 44 2(XX) Auto some Allo-some Auto some Allo-some 22 + 22 1+ 1 44 + 2 = 46 (Child) (Syndrom) Cromsome 1. Cromsome 45 2. (Cromosome) 47 Cromosome 47 Male Female 4. Cromsome 47 Male & Female Note:– Virus 11 11 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Tissue) 1. (Connicting tissue):– Ex:–.... etc. Note:– 2. – 3. 4. Skeleton System 1. (Exoskeleton)– Ex:– (Snail), etc. 2. (Endo-Skeleton) Ex:– etc. Note:– 1. (Cartilege):– [Ca3 (PO4)2] Cartilege 2. (Bone)– 60% 30 300 208 206 Selexor (1) (2) 12 12 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Skelotion System) (1) (2) 1. (Exo-Skeloton):– (clam) etc. Remark:– 2. (Endo-Skeloton):– Exp.– (Cartilege)– [Ca3 (Po4)2] (Bone)– Ca3 (Po4)2 CaCO3 "54 58%" Ca3 (Po4)2 50% 50% 30 (1) (Appendicular) (2) (Avial) (1) (Appendicular) 126 13 13 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (A) = 30 2 = 60 (i) = 1 (ii) = 1 (iii) = 1 (iv) = 8 (v) = 5 (iv) = 14 ––––––––– 30 2 = 60 ––––––––– (B) = 30 2 = 60 (i) = 1 (ii) = 1 (iii) = 1 (iv) = 1 (v) = 7 (iv) = 14 ––––––––– 30 2 = 60 ––––––––– (C) = 2 (D) = 2 (E) = 2 (2) (Axial):– 80 (A) = 26 33 (B) Ribs = 24 (C) = 1 (Ribs (D) (Head) / (Skill) = 29 ——————————————————— 14 16 1 8 14 14 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 7 32=6 (MIS) M = I = S =.6 mm (Dentry) MBT / TMB LBB / BBL (Forumen Magnem) (Boe Cell):– (1) Osteo-Clast:– Bone eating cell (2) Osteo-blast:– Bone forming cell (3) Ostco Cyte:– mature cell (Bone marrow):– RBC (Joints)– Joints Immorable Slightly movable Freely movable Ball and Socket Hing Pirot Gliding Saddle 15 15 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (A) Immovable Joints Fixed / Fiberous / (B) Slightly Movable (Ribs), (Back bone) (C) Freely Movable 1. Ball and Socket 2. Hinge Joints 3. Pirot Joints 4. Gliding Joinnts 5. Saddle Joints– ball and socket joints (1) Flat bone (Ribs) (Skull). (2) Long bone (3) Short bone (4) Irregular bone (5) Sismoide bone:– Cartilege 16 16 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Musculer System) (1) (2) (3) (Valuntry Musculer) Light band dark band (Unvoluntry Musculer) Light band Dark Band (Cardiac) Remark:– Seloxer Extenser 17 17 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Digestive System) 1. 2. (Elementary Canal) 32 (Digestive Gland) (Baccul Carity) 32 (Salivary Gland) (1½) 18 18 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE [ > Sub Mandibular > Sub Lingual) (Mums) Remark– (Teeth) Odontology 85% 10% CaCO3 (Layer) DIPHYODONT Diphyodont 20 MONOPHYODONT Monophyodont 1. Incisor (I) 2. Canine (C) 3. Pre Molar (Pm) 4. Molar (n) 1. Incisor Nose teeth 4+4=8 Incisor 19 19 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 2. Canine Eye teeth 2+2=4 Canine 3. Pre-Molar cheek teeth 4+4=8 4. Molar Wisdom teeth Molar (III Molar) 6 + 6 = 12 Molar Remark:– Pre Molar Molar 20 20 12 20 + 32 = 52 2nd Incisor 2123 2123 IC Pm M Dental formula 2102 IC Pm M 2102 ¼ 44 47 32 (Oesophagus):– (Stomach)– 4 20 20 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE HCl (Gastric Juice) Gastric (Small Intenstine) 1. (Duodenm) 2. (Jejunum) 3. (Ileum) (Liver) 1.5 kg (bile) (Gallbladder) Stone pH 7.8 – 8.5 (Fat) (Emalsification) i 21 21 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Duodenum) (Pancreatic Juice) Remark:– 1. 2. 3. (Emalsified) (Fatric acid) Trick– LAT L= A= T= (Instestinal Juice) (Saccus Intericus) 1. Amino Protein Amino Acid (Deudenum) (Ilium) 2. (Fatry Acid) + 3. 4. 5. 22 22 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE NOTE:– (Villi) (Large Intestine) B 1. 2. 3. Apendics Remark:– (Vestiage) Apendics, Third Molar, Premolar, Pinna, etc. Apendics Apendics (Rectum) 1. (Injuection):– 2. (Digestion):– 3. (Absortion):– 4. (Assimilation):– 5. (Defaction):– 23 23 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Respiratory System) CO2, H2O C2 H12O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O 686 Kcal (Catabolic) (Breathing) Breathing Inspiration Expiration (Inspiration):– O2 = 21% CO2 = 0.03% N2 = 78% (Expiration):– O2 = 17% CO2 = 4.6% N2 = 78% 1. = 2. = Gills 3. = 4. = Gills 5. = 24 24 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 6. = 7. = 1. 2. 3. 4. (Larynx) 5. (Trechia) 6. (Bronchai) 7. (Bronchioles) 8. (Alveoli) 9. (Blood) 10. (Cell) (Diapharm) 75% Olfactory lobe (Phorynx) Remark:– (Phorynx) (Galat) (Larynx) (Trechia) (Larynx) Voice box Voice box Sarynx 25 25 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Larynx (epiglottis) epiglottis Epiglottis Epiglottis (Lungs) Pulmunary Cartilege (Alveoli) Bronchioles Alveoli Alveoli Alveoli TV Alveoli Alveoli Alveoli (Hb) Alveoli, Hb Hb (HbO2) HbO2 CO2 Hb, CO2 Alveoli Alveoli CO2 Tidal Volume Tidal Volume TV Tidal Volume 500 ml TV = 500 16 = 8000 ml/8l Total lung's Capacity Total Lung capacity TLC TLC 6000 ML 6L Tiolal Volume TLC 8% 26 26 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Ventilecter Machine) ICU 14 18 14 (Celluler Respiration) 1. 2. ATP ATP 2 ATP 2 ATP Remark:– CA 27 27 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE ATP 36 ATP ATP ATP 39 36 + 2 = 38 ATP 38 ATP Note:– CO2 > > Remark:– 28 28 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Circulatory System) O2, CO2 etc. 1. Open blood circulatory System 2. Close blood circulatory System 3. Mix blood circulatory System 1. Open blood circulatory System Pressure 2. Close blood circulatory System Pressure 3. Mixed blood circulatory System (Blood Vessel) (Aretery) (Vein) 1. 1. speed Speed 2. 2. 3. (Value) 3. (Value) 4. 4. 5. 5. Aorta Arteny Artiriol Heart Venacave Vein Veinlet 29 29 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Capillery):– (Heart):– 300 gm (Heart Chember):– (Atrium / Auricle):– (Ventricle):– (Amplibian)– Ep.- 30 30 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Remark:– (warm blooded Animal) Exp.:– Remark:– (Tricuspid Valve) (Bicuspid Valve) Heart attack 1 5 2 (Statho - Scope) 72 150 1 70 ml blood 5 (5.5) blood 2 72 115 125 (Pace Maker) Digoxin (Blood Pressure) (Systolic) systolic 31 31 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Dio-stolic) Dio-Stolic Systolic B.P. Dio Stolic 120 B.P. mm Hg (Normal) 80 B.P. hyptertension 140 B.P. mm Hg (High B.P.) 90 B.P. B.P. hypotension 90 B.P. mm Hg (Low B.P.) 60 B.P. Trademil test By Pass Survery 3 Dec. 1976 32 32 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Blood) 1 pH 7.4 5 2 7% blood (Spleen) Spleen Blood Bank 180 200 gm Blood (55-60%) (40-45%) (1) (2) RBC WBC Plate lets 90% 10% (Serium) (Corpuscle) 1. R.B.C. [Real Blood Corpuscle] 99% R.B.C. R.B.C. 5 RBC 33 33 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE RBC RBC 120 (Liver) RBC Spleen Spleen RBC Grave yard RBC RBC CO2 RBC (Hb) (Iron) CO2 (Male) 149 m 100 ML Female 139 m 100 ML Remark:– 2. W.B.C. [White Blood Corpuscle] 8000 10000 WBC WBC 4 RBC : WBC = 600 : 1 WBC WBC WBC 1. Eosino - phil 2. 3. Baso - Phil Neutro - Phil } Bacteria 4. Mono - Cyte – 5. Lympho - Cyte – Antibody Mono - Cyte Lympho - Cyte Antibody Lympho - Cyte T-Cell And B - Cell HIV Plate lets 4-5 2 3 80,000 CO2 O2 34 34 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Spleen (Lymph) Hb O2 CO2 RBC Plateless (Clotting) Clotting 2 5 Cascale process (Plalilets) RBC + Ca + + (RBC) K (Plateles) Ca Remark:– K Anticlotting Anti coagulant 35 35 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE BLOOD GROUP 33 RBC Antigen A B Antigen Antigen A Blood Group A Antigen B Blood Group B Antigen AB Blood Group AB Antigen Blood Group O. Remark :– Antibody Antibody Antibody Rh – Factor :– Antigen Rh Rh Rh – Positive (Rh+) Rh Rh - Negative 1 95% Rh – Positive Transfission of Blood Blood Bank 40ºF 200 ML Blood 1200 2000 Blood Group Rh Rh+ Rh+ Rh – Remark:– O-Ve (Universal Doner) Antigen Rh Rh+ve Rh–ve 36 36 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (1) O A O, A (2) O B O, B A, B, AB O (3) O AB O, O (4) O O (5) A A A, O (6) B B B, O (7) AB AB A, B, AB (8) A AB A, B, AB A, B, AB AB (9) B AB (10) A B A, B, AB, O A B (Blood Group):– 40 Antigen A, B, O 1952 Y. G Bombay Blood Group 37 37 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Excretory System) CO2 (Kidney) 140 gm 1,30,000 Uttrafitteration (Dialysis) (Osmosic Method) 38 38 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Urin 95% 2% pH 4.8 8.4 (Stone) 39 39 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Nervous System (Brain) (Spinal Cord) (Brain) 1350 – 14009 m 40 40 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Amonotetic):– Amonotelic (Ureo-telic):– (Urico-telic):– (Gauno-telic):– Remark:– (Green Gland) Brain 2/3 (66% 41 41 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Note:– Morter gland etc Control Emotion centre Brain Spinal Cord Brain (Spinal Cord):– Brain (Signal) Signal (Reflex Action) Remark:– Spinal Cord 1. Brain and Spinal Cord 2. 12 Spinal Cord 31 3. Spinal Cord (i) (ii) (i) 42 42 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (ii) Spinal Cord Na (Signal) Nerves Nerves 1. Moter Nerves– Brain Body 2. Sensory Nerves– Brain 3. Mixed Nerves– Signal Brain Body Boday Brain Remark:– pons Spinal Cord Spinal Cord (Rely centre) 43 43 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Reproduction System (a) (Asexual) (b) (Asexual) (a) (Asexual):– (i) (Fission):– (ii) (Budding):– Bud Bud (iii) (Vegitation):– etc. (b) (Sexual Reproduction):– (iv) (Peins):– 44 44 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Remark:– 14 12 50 Note:– sperm 1. (Overy):– (a) (b) (C) (Delivery) 2. (Follopian Tube):– overy uterous (Fertilization) 23 (Ovum) sperm 23 1. (Testes):– 2. 3. Vase difference– (Penis) 45 45 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 4. Uterus Uterus Uterus Uterus Uterus fe Ca Remark:– (Fertilization):– (Gamat) follopian tube Uterus Male Gamate (Sperm) (Zygote) (Embryo) (Body) Female Gamate (Sperm) (Test tube body):– 25 July 1978 6 April 1986 (Vas Cotomy):– Vascotomy vasdeferece Tube Cotomy:– tube cotomy follopian tube Hysterotomy:– Uterus Hysteratomy 46 46 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Sense Organs ( ) 1. (Eye) (Iris) (Pupil) Iris (Sclera) (Optical Nerves) 1/10 s Zn (Colour blindness) Colour blindess (Ishihse chart) 47 47 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Remark:– contact lense 2. (Ear) (Pinna) (Ear dram) Remark:– 3. (Nose) offactory lobe / Nerve 4. (Skin) 1. (sabeceous Gland):– (Sebum) D 2. (Sweat Gland):– Remark:– 5. (Tung) (Salty) (Sour) (Bitter) 48 48 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Gland ( ) Gland 1. 2. 3. (Exoerine Gland):– (duet) (Endo Crine Gland):– (ductless) 1. 2. Biological Gland 3. H (BP) 4. Ca 5. 15 6. 4S/3F (Emergency Gland) (B.P.) (Fire and flight) 7. (Gonade Gland) Gonade gland overy testey. 49 49 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Sex Harmone) Sperm Ovum 8. (Pituitory Gland) 0.6 gm Gland (a) THS (Thyroid Stimuteting Hormone):– (b) STH:– (c) LTH:– 3. (Mixed Gland):– Mixed Gland (Pancreas):– LAT – – Zn – (Liver) A, D (Joindies) RBC 50 50 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Cavity of Body ( ) (Abdomen Cavity):– Body Brain Heart Lung Live Kidney 51 51 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Nutrition) 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. Fat 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 1% C6H12O2 C 1H O 1:2:1 1 gm 1. DNA RNA 2. = + = + = + Remark:– 3. 52 52 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Remark:– 2. (Fat) 15% 1 gm 9.3 cal Vitamin–A Vitamin–D 3. (Proteins) C1H1O N 20 10 10 15% 19 m 4.3 kcal Remark:– > > > 4. (Vitamin) – Vimtain B Vitamin C (B & C) Vitamin. A, Vitamin-D, Vitamin. E, Vitamin.-K1 Vitamin A A Vitamin-A 53 53 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE B Vitamin-B Complex B1:– B2:– B3:– B5:– B6:– B7:– B11:– B12:– CO CO Remark:– B Remark:– B7 H C C C D– E– K– K 5. Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, mg 54 54 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (B.P.) II I, Fe, Co, F 6. (Water) H2O H O 2:1 65% (Dehydration) 7. (Roughage) 1. = 65% 2. = 16% 20%) 3. = 15% 4. = 4% 5. = 1% 1. = 65% 2. = 18.5% 3. = 9.5% 4. = 3.2% 5. 1.5% 6. = 0.4% 7. = 0.1% Special Remark:– Suffix in — (Pepsin) ine — (Rennine) ase — (maltase) ose — (maltose) (Metabolism):– Reaction 55 55 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (metabolism) (Anobolism) (Catabolism) 1. (Anobolism)– 1. 2. (38ATP 2. Remark:– 56 56 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 1. (Genetic Dieses)– 2. etc 3. TV, etc. TRICK – (Sandfly) (Spleen) Spleen Note:– (Tse-Tse) Fungi TRICK – Note:– 1. 2. 57 57 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Sleeping sickness) Sandy TRICK – D.P.T. D.P.T. Triple Look Jaw T.V.:– TRICK – Aids AIDS:– WBC T– Aguired Immuno Deficiency Syndron HIV (Human Iummuno Virus) HIV RNA 58 58 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE HIV (ALISA) Enzyme linked lmmuno solvent Assy.. Intro Virus 27 2014 WHO Orthrmixo-Virus Bird Flu = H5 N1 Swain Flu = H1 N1 1975 (measles) RNA Note:– Remark:– Anchology (Cobalt-60) Deficiency Diesease Deficiency Disease 59 59 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE WBC 1. Anti-biotic Exp. 2. Anti-sebtic Exp. 3. Anti-pyretic Exp. 4. Anal-gesic Exp. 5. Anti-fertility Anesthisia (CHCl3) Toxic-effect:– Toxic COMPOSITION OF DRUG 1. (Omprogal) 2. 3. 4. B - Complex - multivitamin 5. 6. B.P.– 7. 8. SALINE – Saline 1. Dextose / D-5 / D-10:– Delivery 2. N.S.:– Blood-Sugar 3. D.N.S.– 4. R.L.:– Blood Sugar 5. 6. (Hemexcil):– reaction 60 60 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Note:– 7-8 Saline CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMAL KINGDOM 1. 2. 1. PROTOZOA PHYLON: 2. 3. Exp.:– 61 61 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 4. Exp.:– (Tape - werm) 5. werm):– (Round werom) Remark:– 6. :– (lateral) Remark:– Remark:– 7. 1. 2. 3. (Colony) 13 8. CaCO3 Gills Exp.:– Remark:– inkagland 9. Exp.:– 10. Exp.:– 62 62 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 11. (Noto-chosd) (a) (Pisces):– Heart Gills Exp.:– Note:– (b) (Amphibian):– Exp.:– Note:– (c) (Rephilia):– 63 63
