Biology Classification Of Organisms PDF

Introduction to Biology Living Organisms and Classification  What is Biology? 2 9/7/2023 Add a footer  Objectives Identify the characteristics of all living organisms group living organisms found in a named habitat based on obser...

Introduction to Biology Living Organisms and Classification  What is Biology? 2 9/7/2023 Add a footer  Objectives Identify the characteristics of all living organisms group living organisms found in a named habitat based on observed similarities and differences; classify organisms into taxonomic groups based on physical similarities; 3 9/7/2023 Add a footer  How do you know something is alive? Grow Move Eat Respire Reproduce GRIMNER 4 9/7/2023 Add a footer  All living organisms have seven characteristics in common Growth: a permanent increase in the size and complexity of an organism. Respiration: the process by which energy is released from food by all living cells. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and takes place in most cells. Anaerobic respiration takes place without oxygen in certain cells. Irritability (sensitivity): the ability of organisms to detect and respond to changes in their environment or within themselves. Movement: a change in the position of a whole organism or of parts of an organism. Most animals can move their whole bodies from place to place. Plants and some animals can only move parts of their bodies. Nutrition (feeding): the process by which living organisms obtain or make food. Animals take in ready-made food and are called heterotrophs. Plants make their own food and are called autotrophs Excretion: the process by which waste and harmful substances, produced by the body’s metabolism, are removed from the body Reproduction: the process by which living organisms generate new individuals of the same kind as themselves. Asexual reproduction requires only one parent. Sexual reproduction requires two parents. 5 9/7/2023 Add a footer Classification  How would you classify the following objects? 1 2 7 9/7/2023 Add a footer  Let us try to classify the following animals 8 9/7/2023 Add a footer  Classification Using similarities and differences between living organisms they can be classified into groups. Simple classifications can be done based on visible characteristics such as number of legs, number of body parts, number of wings, presence or absence of antennae, hairiness, shape, arrangement of veins in a leaf or an insect’s wing. Scientists also use internal structures, developmental patterns, life cycles and electron microscopic techniques to classify organisms. In addition, the modern classification uses the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to assist in grouping organisms; the greater the similarity in their DNA structure, the more closely related are the organisms. The technique of classifying organisms is known as Taxonomy. Taxonomy is made up of two words i.e. ‘Taxis,’ which means ‘arrangement’ and ‘Nomos,’ which means ‘method.’ 9 9/7/2023 Add a footer  Classification The Swedish botanist Carolus (Carl) Linneaeus has developed the modern taxonomic system. Linneaeus has developed the following hierarchy of groups to explain the taxonomy − 10 9/7/2023 Add a footer  Classification In this hierarchy, Kingdom is the highest order and the broadest category and Species is the lowest order category. The group of organism formed by their similarities and differences constitute taxa or taxon. Each taxon has a specific level of similarities and differences. Kingdom is the first category of taxon and then successive family, genus and species. Similarities of organism increases from kingdom to species and differences are decrease. 11 9/7/2023 Add a footer  Classification.Kingdom – the highest level, constitutes five kingdoms. Phylum – a group of related classes. Class – a group of related orders. Order – a group of related families. Family – a group of related genera. Genus – a group of related species. Species – a group of similar organisms that are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring 12 9/7/2023 Add a footer  There are five kingdoms in modern classification 13 9/7/2023 Add a footer  The five kingdoms 14 9/7/2023 Prokaryotes their DNA lie free in the cytoplasm. Everything else is called eukaryotes.  The five kingdoms 15 9/7/2023 Add a footer  The plant kingdom 16 9/7/2023 Add a footer  The plant kingdom 17 9/7/2023 Add a footer  The animal kingdom 18 9/7/2023 Add a footer  Naming organisms The naming culture (of different organisms) practiced uniformly across the world is known as binomial nomenclature. Binomial Nomenclature largely consists of two words – the first word beginning with a capital letter and known as genus (of the organism) and the second word begins with lower case letter and defines the species of the organism. Binomial Nomenclature must be written in italic and also known as scientific name. For example, the binomial nomenclature of human is - Homo sapiens; tiger - Panthera tigris, etc. 19 9/7/2023 Add a footer  Evaluation Work book Questions – Ques 1 pages 4, 5 and 6 June 2023 Paper 2 Question 3 June 2017 Paper 2 Ques 2 June 2014 Paper 2 Ques 1a(i) 20 9/7/2023 Add a footer