Biology Chapter 10 PDF

Biology Chapter 10 The function of Digestion: Macromolecules - Larger, more complex assembilites of organic molcecules , made up of smaller molecules that are linked together - Most of our body is made up of water Compartments - These compartments contains Inorganic (non living ) matter s...

Biology Chapter 10 The function of Digestion: Macromolecules - Larger, more complex assembilites of organic molcecules , made up of smaller molecules that are linked together - Most of our body is made up of water Compartments - These compartments contains Inorganic (non living ) matter such as water,phosphates, hydrogen ions, sodium ions - Organic Molecules ( carbon bonded to hydrogen, and other atoms such as oxygen, sulfurm and nitrogen Carbohydrates: - Always contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen always in the same proportion Marcomolecules- larger organic molecules that are made up of smaller molecules that are linked together (nutriens) Energy that is being released is used to maintains the organism’s metabolism - chemical processes carried out by cells Essential Nutrients of Macromolecules Inculde…. - Carbohydrates: provides material to build cell membranes (gluclose, fructose, lactose) There are 3 types of carbohydrates listed between the essential nutrients of Macromolecules. They are Monosachrides, Dissachrides, and Polysachrides - Polysacchrides: Made up of many molesachride molecules. Example : Starch, cellulose, glycogen - Lipids: Molecule of glycoleral consisting of 3 carbon atoms, attached to a fatty acid chain - Can sometimes function as an energy storage molecules - The three different type of lipids are Triglycides, phospholipids, waxes, and chlorostol - Saturated fatty acids - Unsaturated fatty acids : monosaturated vs polysaturated acids Trans fatty acids- hydrogen near the double bonds are on opposite sides Cis fatty acids - hydrogen atoms are on the same sides - Proteins - Also known as amino acids. They are joined together by peptide bonds into chains of polypeptides - Examples of proteins are enzymes and antibodies, and help to repair cell membrane and muscle - Nuleic Acids : direct growth and development of all organisms using a code. Example RNA and DNA Hydrolesis - water breaks down macromolecules into smaller molecules - This is important to occur so that smaller molecules can be broken downand absorbed by the cells lining the small intestine Enzymes - proteins molecules secreted by cells in the digestive tract to help speed up chemical reactions in the body - The three types of enzymes in which helps to break down macromolecules is carbohyderase: breaksdown carbohydrates, product of breakdown simple sugars. example : amylase - Lipase: breakdowns lipid,product of breakdown glycerol. example : pancreatic lipase - Protease: breaksdown proteins product of breakdown, amino acids, example of breakdown: pepisn - Nuclease: breakdons nuleic acid, product of breakdown is nucleotides. Example is pancreatic nuclease. Importance of Vitamins and Minerals  - Inorganic and organic substances that help for chemical reactions to occur and aid in development, tissue growth, and immunity Role of Water in the System - Regulating body temperature (by sweating) - Eliminating waste materials (in urine and sweat) - Transporting dissolved nutrients into the cells that line the small intestine - Flushing toxins from cells - Lubricating joints and tissues - Forming essential body fluid, such as blood and mucus Animals + Humans in eating Animals get feed through - filter feeding, substrate feeding, fluid feeding, bulk feeding Process of food is - Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination, - Herbivores and omnivorses usually have digestive tracts because the cellulose walls in plant tissues are more difficult to digest 10.2 The Digestive System - Made up of group organs working together - The smell of sight of food can start to trigger Salviary glands (glands in the mouth that produce saliva to begin chemical digestion of of food Amylase: helps to break down food into simple sugars Mechancial Digestion begins in the mouth , teeth grind food into smaller pieces Esophagus : muscular tube where food passes from mouth to stomach Tongue helps food mould into a mass called the bolusw and then gets pushed to the back of the mouth - Opening of trachea is closed by the epiglottis when you swallow - Bolous moves to the stomach in wave like muscle contractions called peristalsis - Glands in lining of esophagus produce mucus to keep the passage moist and help in swallowing - Entrance to stomach is controlled by esophageal sphincter Stomach: food is temporarily stored while further chemical reactions and mechanical digestion takes place - Lined with millions of gastric glands that secrete gastric juice when stimulated by the presence of food - Mucus coats the stomach  - Stomach contracts and expands to break down the food, and mix them with the gastric juices - This then creates chyme - Pyloric sphincter : muscular valve that keeps food in the stomach. Serves as a gatway between the stomach and small intestine - Esophageal sphincter: Connects the esophagus to the stomach. Helps open and close the esophagus to realese food - The three ways to protect the protein that makes up the stomach cells are Stomach secretes little gastric juices until food is present Stomach secretes mucus which prevents gastric juices from harming the lining of the stomach Stomach produces pepsin, which is a digesting enzyme. It remains inactive until HCL is present - A network of nerves surround the stomach to help regulate activities in the stomach, these nerves help to release small amounts of food into the small intestine, if the small intestine is full, stomach stores chyme - When food has successfully passed through the intestines, the pylortic sphincter moves the chyme into the duodenum Small Intestine - Nutriens macromolecules break down into component molecules - Nutrients are absorbed through the membranes of the cell in the lining of the small intestine Duodenum : supports pancreas and gallbladder Jejunum: breaks down carbs and protein to be put into the bloodstream Ileum: absorbs nutrients and pushed undigested material to large intestine Absorption in Small intestine - Monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream through the lining of the small intestine - They move to the liver where they are converted to glucose - The glucose is carried to all parts of the body by the circulatory system and is used by cells as a source of energy - The liver converts excess glucose into glycogen, which can be temporarily stored in the liver - When the body needs additional energy, some stored glycogen is converted back to glucose Large Intestine - Absorb water from the alimentary canal, which majority is put back into blood and extra-celluar fluids  - Volume of indigested food is ⅔ - Anaerobic bacteria in the colon break down undigested matter further - Some of these bacteria extract important vitamins (folic acid, B, K) which are absorbed into the bloodstream through the colon - Leftover matter forms feces which are pushed by muscle contractions of the colon into the rectum ACESSORAY ORGANS Gallbladder Liver Pancreas Enzymes - Protein molecule that speeds up the process of any chemical reaction in the body - Biological catalysts - Modifying certain subtances called substrates - They are specific , or selective - Activiation energy: all chemical reactions require some energy in order for the reaction to occur. Enzymes lower the activation energy and as a result, the reaction occurs faster. Can be shown graphically - The enzyme sucrase works to help build the sugar sucrose in plants (anabolic) - Lactase enzyme works to break down the sugar lactose (catabolic) - Enzyme s have a active site. This is where the substrate connects to the enzyme - Active sites are specific to certain substrates  - effects on enzyme function - Additionally includes temperature , our body works best at 37 degrees - High tenmperatures denature the enzymes - Low temperature don’t alow for the bonds to occur - Extremes in pH can denature the enzymes - Enzyme Concentration: More enzymes you have, more concentration will occur - Substrate concentration: Having more substrate means you will have more reaction, but it hits its maximum Digestive System Disorders Peptic Ulcer: Symptom’s: abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, loss of appetite Descripton: Sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, where hydrochloric acid and pepsin is present. Most commonly caused by infection by bacteriumj