Biology Basics Lecture - 1 Notes PDF

Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai www.biomentors.online BIOLOGY CLASS NOTES TOPIC: Basics of Biology Lecture No.: 1...

Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai www.biomentors.online BIOLOGY CLASS NOTES TOPIC: Basics of Biology Lecture No.: 1 What is nature? "Nature" refers to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. It ranges in scale from the subatomic to the cosmic. The term "nature" may refer to living plants and animals, geological processes, weather, and physics, such as m matter and energy. co Cosmology Study of the origin, evolution and topography of the universe COSMOS àan orderly complex of innumerable stars and planets, scattered in a space filled with gas (helium, l. hydrogen, neon) and micron sized dust grains. à It is made up of material & energy. ai gm The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the most powerful particle accelerator ever built. The accelerator sits in a tunnel 100 metres underground at CERN, the European Organization for 6@ Energy Nuclear Research, on the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva, Switzerland. 5 34 Neither occupy space nor possess mass It is the force which brings about a change or 2 motion in matter s1 It is the capacity of a material body to do work or to produce an effect hk ua 1|Biomentors.online 1 1  ua hk s1 2|Biomentors.online 234 56@ gm ai l.co m 2  m l. co ai gm 5 6@ WATER AND LIVING ORGANISMS 2 34 s1 hk ua 3|Biomentors.online 3  1.Water is the most important compound in living organisms. 2.It makes up 70-95% of most organisms. Dissolves substances Is a component of body solutions, such as sweat, blood, tears, saliva and urine Carries substances throughout the body 3. World Water Day – 22 March 4.The first major biological observations were made by ancient Greek naturalist à Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) à Father of biology. 5.Biology has been further classified into, (1) Botany à Study of plants m (2) Zoology à study of animals 6. BOTANY à co The word botany has been derived from Greek word botane which means pasture or plants. (Boskein = Grazing) Technically, botany is called Phytology (Gk. phyto = plants; logos = l. study). ai Theophrastus (370-287 B.C.) is known as Father of botany. 7. ZOOLOGY à gm is the study of animals (Gk. zoon = animals; logos = study). Aristotle is called Father of zoology 8. ARISTOTLE 6@ Greek naturalist 5 2 34 384 to 322 B.C. s1 Father of biology Father of Zoology Book à “Historia Animalium” hk 9. THEOPHRASTUS Student of Aristotle ua 370 to 285 B.C.; Greek Botanist First described about 500 plants of food and medicinal value; Considered morphological characters for classification Famous book : Historia Plantarum à Oldest available literature in the field of botany (Description of 480 plants) 10. TERM BIOLOGY à Jean baptiste de lamark (France) and G. Treviranus (Germany) in 1802 11. Biology is the science of exceptions 4|Biomentors.online 4  12. Thomas Henry Huxley à Unifying concept of Biology à Evolution is considered a unifying theory of biology à It explains the unity and diversity of life. 13. Historia naturalis book : written by Pliny , 1000 plants of economic use 14. Willium Rouxburg : Father of Indian botany 15. Dioscorides – Author of De Materia medica book , Important book of Homoeopathy BIOLOGY IN GREAT ANCIENT INDIA 16. References of classification of organisms are available in Upanishads and Vedas (1500 B.C. to 600 B.C.); About 740 plants and 250 animals have been mentioned in Vedic literature. 17. Few significant references in old literature are, m Chandyogya Upanishad à Here the animals have been classified into three categories – (i) Jiraja (Vivparous) e.g. mammals. (ii) Andaja co (Oviparous) e.g. birds, reptiles, insects and worms. (iii) Ubhija (Vegetal origin) e.g. small animals. 18. Susruta Samhita (600 B.C.) : Here organisms were classified into, l. (i) Sthavara in which immobile organisms like plants were kept. ai (ii) Jangama in which mobile organisms like animals were placed. 19. Susruta à 'Father of surgery'. gm Susruta studied human anatomy on dead bodies. Susruta carried Rhinoplasty, Ophthalmic surgery (cataracts) 6@ Susruta used non-poisonous live leeches for checking clotting of blood in post operative conditions. SERENDIPITY 5 20. Accidental discovery à Finding one 34 thing while looking for something else 21. Fleming's discovery of penicillin. (St Mary’s hospital, London 1928) 2 22. Term coined by Horace Walpole s1 23. Louis Pasteur said that "chance favors the trained mind". because an hk inquisitive, enthusiastic and intuitive mind may perceive the desired direction for a discovery ua VACCINE On May 14, 1796, Edward Jenner took fluid from a cowpox blister and scratched it into the skin of James Phipps, an eight-year-old boy. A single blister rose up on the spot, but James soon recovered. On July 1, Jenner inoculated the boy again, this time with smallpox matter, and no disease developed. The vaccine was a success. 5|Biomentors.online 5  ua hk s1 6|Biomentors.online 234 56@ gm ai l.co m 6