Introduction to Biology PDF

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 1. Biology Bio mean life and Logy mean study Definition The study of living organisms is called Biology Or The science of life and living organisms is called Biology. Biology is divid...

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 1. Biology Bio mean life and Logy mean study Definition The study of living organisms is called Biology Or The science of life and living organisms is called Biology. Biology is divided into several specific fields that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin and distribution. An organism is a living entity containing of one cell e.g. bacteria An organism is a living entity containing of several cells e.g. animals, plants and fungi. 2. What is life? Life is form from various chemical combination like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. These form the nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids that are the fundamental components of living matter. 3. Characteristics of life include: 1. Living organisms are responsiveness to the environment (nerve impulses). 2. They grow and change their body size and shape (cell division). 3. The have the ability to reproduce and increase their population (reproduction). 4. They are performing the function of metabolism and respiration (metabolisms). 5. They have ability to maintain homeostasis (excretion and Absorption). 6. They are made from cells. 7. There traits pass to offspring. 4. Main Branches of Biology Some branches of biology are below: 1. Botany: The study of Plants and their features. 2. Zoology: The study of animals and their futures. 3. Microbiology: The study of Microorganisms and their features. 4. Taxonomy: It is the science of identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms. 5. Morphology: It is the study of external form, size, shape, color, structure and relative position of several living organ of living organisms. 6. Anatomy: It is the study of internal structure. 7. Histology: It is the study of tissue organization and structure. 8. Cytology: It is the study of form and structure of cells containing the behavior of nucleus and other organelles.  9. Cell Biology: It is the study of morphological, organizational, biochemical, physiological, genetic, developmental, pathological and evolutionary features of cell and its components. 10. Molecular Biology: It is the study of the nature of physicochemical organization, synthesis working and interaction of bio-molecules. 11. Physiology: It is the study of different types of body functions and procedures. 12. Embryology: It is the study of fertilization, growth, division and distinction of the zygote into embryo. 13. Ecology: It is the study of living organisms is relative to other organism and their environment. 14. Genetics: It is the study of inheritance of characters or heredity and variations. 15. Evolution: It is the study of the origin of life as well as new types of organism from the previous ones by modifications involving genetic changes and adaptations. 16. Paleontology: It deals with the study of fossils or remains and impressions of past organisms. 17. Virology: It is the study of viruses and all their aspects. 5. Linkage of Biology with Other Field Of Study Biology constitutes the relation with every aspect of human and every sciences. The study of biology needs experiences of almost all the branches of science including chemistry, physics, sociology, geology, climatology etc. The linkage of biology and other sciences are mentioned below: 5.1. Biochemistry Biological processes of living organisms depend upon the interactions of the atoms, molecules and compounds that make up living tissues and the environment in which life takes place e.g. Photosynthesis, Respiration and Digestion. 5.2. Biophysics Biophysics studies life at every level, from atoms and molecules to cells, organisms and environments e.g. photosynthesis. Physics used in Physiology, Bioenergetics, Neurosciences, Pharmacology etc. 5.3. Biogeography It is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological societies often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area e.g. polar bears live in arctic region. 5.4. Biostatistics The study of biology focuses on living organisms, statistical analyses provide vital awareness into numerous biological procedures. Basic statistical ideas help biologists properly formulate experiments, confirm conclusions and correctly interpret results. 5.6. Bio-economics Bio-economics is an advanced branch of social science that seeks to assimilate the disciplines of economics and biology for the sole determination of creating theories that do a better job of explaining economic events using a biological basis and vice versa. 6. Careers in Biology Careers with a biology which fall under this concern contain marine and aquatic biologist, zoo biologist, conservation biologist, ecologist and environmental manager. Biologists in these roles carry out recovery programs for endangered species and provide education for the general public. 6.1. Medicines or Surgery Medicine is the field of health and healing. It comprises nurses, doctors and various authorities. It covers diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease, medical research and various other aspects of health. Medicine aims to endorse and maintain health and wellbeing. 6.2. Fisheries Maintainable, productive fisheries, aquaculture improve food and nutrition security increase income and improve livelihoods, promote economic growth and protect our environment and natural resources. Small scale aquaculture is particularly significant for conference the world growing petition for fish 6.3. Agricultures It is a field area of land, enclosed or otherwise used for agricultural purposes such as cultivating crops or as a paddock or other enclosure for livestock. A field may also be an area left to lie fallow or as arable land. 6.4. Animal Sciences Professional education in animal science prepares students for career opportunities in areas such as animal breeding, food, fiber production, nutrition, animal farming, animal behavior and welfare. 6.5. Horticultures Horticulture is the science and art of the development, sustainable production, marketing and use of high value intensively cultivated food and ornamental plants. Horticultural crops are varied they contain annual and perennial species, pleasant fruits and vegetables and ornamental interior and landscape plants. 6.6. Forestry Forestry is the science, practice of studying managing, forests and plantations and related natural resources. Silvi- culture a related science, involves the growing and tending of trees and forests. Industrial foresters are mainly involved in planning the timber harvests and forest regeneration. 6.7. Farming A farm is an area of land that is devoted primarily to agricultural processes with the primary objective of producing food and other crops; it is the basic facility in food production. The name is used for specialized units such as arable farms, vegetable farms, fruit farms, dairy, pig and poultry farms and land used for the production of natural fibers, biofuel and other commodities. It includes ranches, feedlots, orchards, plantations and estates, smallholdings and hobby farms and comprises the farm and agricultural buildings as well as the land. 7. What is Kingdome? Kingdom is a taxonomic rank that is composed of smaller groups called phyla (or divisions, in plants) Supplement. Historically kingdom is the uppermost taxonomic rank or the most common taxon used in classifying organisms. There is five kingdom system: The five kingdom system was developed by Robert H. Whittaker in 1969 and was built on the work of previous biologists such as Carolus Linnaeus. Living things can be classified into five major kingdoms. 1. Kingdom prokaryote Prokaryote is a kingdom or division in the classification organization developed for all life on Earth. This kingdom which is also elected as Monera contains all bacteria and blue-green algae (also known as Cyanobacteria). 2. Kingdom Protista or Protoctista It is a kingdom of simple eukaryotic organisms usually made from a single cell or a colony of similar cells. Protists live in water, in moist terrestrial habitats, as parasites and other symbiotic in the bodies of multicellular eukaryotes. 3. Kingdome Fungi A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that comprises microorganisms such as yeasts and molds as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals. 4. Kingdome Plantae This kingdom contains all land plants such as mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants etc. an amazing range of diverse forms. With more than 250,000 species they are second in size only to the arthropods. Plants have been around for a very long time. 5. Kingdome Animalia All animals are members of the Kingdom Animalia, also called Metazoa. This Kingdom does not contain prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera, includes bacteria, blue-green algae) or protists (Kingdom Protista, includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms). 8. Holy Quran and Biological Science Among these miracles said to be found in the Quran are "everything, from relativity, quantum mechanics, Big Bang theory, black holes and pulsars, genetics, embryology, modern geology, thermodynamics, even the laser and hydrogen fuel cells. 9. Muslim Scientist and Their Contribution Abu Zakariya Yahya Ibn Muhammad Ibn Al-Awwan, a 12th Century Islamic scholar based in Seville, Spain, was one of the most important contributors to the history of biology, namely in the field of agriculture. 1. Jabir Bin Ayyan Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan Al-Azdi, sometimes called al-Harrani and al-Sufi is considered the father of Arab chemistry and one of the founders of modern pharmacy. He was known to the Europeans as Geber. He was born in the city of Tus in the province of Khorasan in Iran in 721 AD. He systematized a “quantitative” analysis of substances and was the inspiration for Geber, a Latin alchemist who developed an important corpuscular theory of matter. He has written Seventy Books and Gold. 2. Abd al-Malik Abd al-Malik ibn al-Quraib al-Asmai was born in Basrah in 740 C.E. He was a pious Arab and a good student of Arabic poetry. Al-Asmai is considered as the first Muslim scientist who contributed to Zoology, Botany and Animal Husbandry. 3. Bu Ali Sina Avicenna (Abu Ali Sina), or Ibn Sina (980-1037). He was a Persian physician and philosopher. He was born near Bukhara then capital of the Samanid dynasty. By the time he was 10 years old he had learned the Koran as well as Arabic grammar and literature. He was a philosopher and has written The Book of Healing and The Canon. 4. Abu Usman Aljahiz A native of Basrah in Iraq, al-Jahiz was one of the non-Arabs who made up most of the intellectual and scholarly class in that country. Perhaps after a military revolt that killed his friend and patron in 861, he returned permanently to Basrah, where he died. 5. Al-Farabi