Biology 1 Quarter 1 Module 4 Cell Types PDF

11 Quarter 1 Module 4 Cell Types Department of Education Republic of the Philippines  11 BIOLOGY 1 Quarter 1 Module 4 Cell Types...

11 Quarter 1 Module 4 Cell Types Department of Education Republic of the Philippines  11 BIOLOGY 1 Quarter 1 Module 4 Cell Types Learner’s Material English All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission from the writer. We value your feedback and recommendations. Department of Education Republic of the Philippines  Copyright Page General Biology 1 – Grade 11/12 Learner’s Material First Edition 2020 Republic Act 8293. Section 176, states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. 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Diño, PhD Development Team of the Learner’s Material Author: Diana M. Repaz, MAT Consultant and Reviewer: Mary Cherry Lynn M. Dalipe, Ed.D. Graphic Artists: Diana M. Repaz, MAT Layout Artist: Diana M. Repaz, MAT  MODULE 4: CELL TYPES In this lesson we will able to learn the different cell types of plant and animal tissues as well as its functions. TRUE OR FALSE. Identify whether the following statements is True or False. Write your answers on the space provided before each number. _______________1. Ground tissue makes up the root vascular and epidermal system majorly made up of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells. ________________ 2. Keratin can be found in blood tissues. ________________ 3. Nerve cells are the main cells of Nervous System. ________________ 4. Dermal tissue lies on the surface of plants and it’s made up of collenchyma cells. ________________ 5. Melanocytes are the second main type of muscle cell. In this lesson, you will be able to classify different cell types (Curriculum Guide code: \STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-4). Specifically, at the end of this module you should be able to: identify the different cell types of plant and animal tissues; determine the functions of each cell types. Types of Plant Cells Plant cells are multicellular eukaryotic cells that make up a plant (a group of eukaryotes belonging to the Plantae kingdom, with the ability to synthesis their own food using water, Sunlight and CO2). Being eukaryotic cells, they have a defined nucleus with specialized structura l organelles that enable it to function in an orderly manner. Plants are made up two structural systems. The shoot system and the root system, whereby the shoot system is made up of structures that ie above the ground including leaves, stems, fruits, flowers while the root system is made up of roots, tubers and rhizobial structure that lie below the ground and its the origin of growth of plants. These systems are structured differently, defined by sets of specialized mature cells that perform a wide range of functions ranging from protection, support, metabolism, reproduction enabling plant growth, and development. For example, plant cells are formed at the meristem which multiple and grows to for plant tissues. These tissues are: Dermal tissue – this tissue lies on the surface of plants and its made up of epidermal cells that protect the plants from losing water.  Ground tissue – This makes up the root vascular and epidermal system majorly made up of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells responsible for plant photosynthesis, storage of water and food and the plant support system. Vascular Tissue – this tissue is made up of xylem, phloem, parenchyma and cambium cells, with its functions including transportation of water (xylem), transportation of food (phloem), minerals, hormones in the plants. EPIDERMAL CELLS These are the external cells of the plants offering protection from water loss, pathogenic invaders such as fungi. They are placed closely together with no intracellular spaces. They are covered with a waxy cuticle layer to reduce water loss. These cells cover the plant stems, leaves, roots and plant seeds. Types of Epidermal Cell: 1. Pavement cell - These are the most common epidermal cells covering all plants. They act as a physical barrier from pathogens and external damages from chemicals such as radiations. They separate the leaves’ stomata. 2. Stomatal guard cell - Stomatal guard cells are available depending on the type of plant. There are two types of guard cells defined by the structure i.e those that control water availability by opening and closing the stomata by maintaining turgor pressure and those that regulate the exchange of gases into and out of the leaves’ stomata. The stromal guard cells also have chloroplast. Therefore, they have a functional effect of photosynthesis. 3. Trichomes - These are also known as epidermal hairs found on the epidermal tissue. They are a specialized group of cells with a well-defined shape. They play a major role in protecting the plants from predators and pathogens, by acting as trappers and poisoners to animal predators. PARENCHYMA CELL These are live undifferentiated cells found in a variety of places of the plants’ bodies. They participate in several mechanisms of the plant including photosynthesis, food storage, secretion of waste materials. The experimental observation indicated that they appear green. Types of Parenchyma Cell: 1. Palisade parenchyma cell – They are columnar elongated structured cells found in a variety of leaves, lying below the epidermal tissue. Palisades are closely linked cells in layers of mesophyll cells found in leaf cells. 2. Ray parenchyma cell - They have both radial and horizontal arrangement majorly found within the stem wood of the plant. COLLENCHYMA CELL They are elongated cells found below the epidermis and/or in young plants on the outer layers of their stems and leaves. They become alive after maturing up and are derivatives of the meristems and they are found in the vascular and/or on the plant stem corners. They occur in the peripheral region of the plant and they are not found in the plant roots. Being the living cells in plant tissues, they give support to the plant areas that are growing and maturing in length. Since the cell wall lacks lignin, it remains supple giving the plant parts like young stems, young roots, and young leaves plastic (stretchable) support. Types of Collenchyma Cell: 1. Angular collenchyma cell - The cells do not have intracellular spaces since they are closely packed together. They are found below the epidermis as hypodermis. They are the most common type of collenchyma. 2. Lamellar collenchyma - The cells are ANGULAR LAMELLAR thickened on the periphery making them appear tangentially arranged in rows. They are closely packed together and therefore they don’t have intracellular spaces. They are commonly formed and found in the leaves petioles. ANNULAR LACULAR 3. Annular collenchyma cell - The walls are uniformly thickened. The cells appear to be circular in shape 4. Lacunar collenchyma - These are cells are formed spaciously leaving intracellular spaces between each other. The cell wall thickens around the intracellular spaces. They ANNULAR are formed and LACULAR found in the walls of fruits. SCLERENCHYMA CELL They have a lignified cell wall, making them extremely hard. These make them more rigid in comparison to the parenchyma and the collenchyma cells. Due to their thickened cell wall, they offer protection and support to other plants’ tissues especially the tree trunks and fibers of large herbal trees. They are found in all plant roots and they are important in anchoring and giving support to the plants. XYLEM CELL Xylem cells are complex cells found in the vascular tissues of plants, mostly in woody plants. They have two elements for conduction: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are elongated slender vessels that are lignified, hence they have a hardened secondary cell wall, specialized to conduct water from the roots. The vessel elements allow the transport of water. They are hollow, shorter, wider than the tracheids but lack the angeled endplates, therefore they are aligned with each other forming a continuous hollow tube, 3 meters long The xylem cells are also combined with fibers and parenchyma cells hence they have a primary cell wall combined with a lignified cell wall, forming rings and looped networks with pits known as bordered pits for conduction. PHLOEM CELL These cells are located outside the xylem layer of cells. They become alive at maturity because they need the energy to move materials. It transports dissolved foods and organic materials throughout the plants since it has the ability to move the materials in all directions of the plant, depending on the age of the plant. Types of Phloem Cell 1. Sieve tube members and Companion cells - These are the cells that control the cells’ metabolism, and they are linked together with large numbers of plasmodesmata. Sieve tube members are shorter and wider and they are continuously arranged from one end to another into the sieve cells, where they are highly packed together. The companion cells assist in moving materials into and out of the sieve tube members. Characteristically, the sieve tubes have Phloem (P)-proteins at the cell wall and callose and together they heal injuries caused on the sieve tubes. 2. Sieve cells - They are the primitive part of the phloem found in ferns and conifers. They are structurally long with tapered overlapping ends. They have pores all over their cell wall that is surrounded by callose (a carbohydrate that repairs the pores after an injury). They associate with albuminous cells to help in moving materials into the phloem. This is the site where dissolved food flows eg sucrose MERISTEMATIC CELL They are also known as the meristems. These are the cells in a plant that divide continuously throughout the life of a plant. They have a self-renewal ability and high metabolisms to control the cell. They play a major role in the length and width sizes of the plants. They also give variance in the sizes of the plant leaves. Types of Meristematic Cell: 1. Apical meristems – They are found at the tips of roots and stems that have started growing and they contribute to the length of the plant 2. Lateral meristems – They are found in the radial part of the stem and roots and they contribute to the plant thickness 3. Intercalary meristems – They are found at the base of the leaves and the contribution to the size variance of the leaves. Types of Animal Cells As with all of Earth’s organisms, animals are built from microscopic structures called cells. Cells are the basic unit of life and these microscopic structures work together and perform all the necessary functions to keep an animal alive. There is an enormous range of animal cells. Each is adapted to a perform specific functions, such as carrying oxygen, contracting muscles, secreting mucus, or protecting organs.  There are heaps of different types of animal cells and these are just a few from common tissues like skin, muscle, and blood. SKIN CELL The skin cells of animals mostly consist of keratinocytes , melanocytes, and langerhans cell – “cyte” means cell. Types of Skin Cell 1. Keratinocytes - Keratinocytes make up around 90% of all skin cells and produce a protein called ‘keratin’. The keratin in skin cells helps to make skin an effective layer of protection for the body. Keratin also makes hair and nails. 2. Melanocytes - Melanocytes are the second main type of skin cell. They produce a compound called ‘melanin’ which gives skin its color. Melanocytes sit underneath keratinocytes in a lower layer of skin cells and the melanin they produce is transported up to the surface layers of cells. The more melanocytes you have in your skin, the darker your skin is. 3. Langerhans cell - Langerhans cells are immune cells found in the epidermis and are responsible for helping the body learn and later recognise new ‘allergens’ (material foreign to the body). Langerhans cells break the allergen into smaller pieces then migrate from the epidermis into the dermis. They find their way to lymphatics and blood vessels before eventually reaching the lymph nodes. 4. Merkel cell – Merkel cells are cells found in the basal layer of the epidermis. Their exact role and function are not well understood. Special immunohistochemical stains are needed to visualise Merkel cells. MUSCLE CELL Myocytes, muscle fibers or muscle cells are long tubular cells responsible for moving an organism’s limbs and organs. Muscle cells can be either skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells or smooth muscle cells. Types of Muscle Cell 1. Cadiac Muscle Cell - Cardiomyocytes, are the muscle fibers comprise the myocardium, the middle muscular layer, of the heart. Cardiomyocytes contain many sarcosomes, which provide the required energy for contraction. Unlike skeletal muscle cells, cardiomyocytes normally contain a single nucleus. Cardiomyocytes generally contain the same cell organelles as skeletal muscle cells, although they contain more sarcosomes. 2. Skeletal muscle cell - Skeletal muscle cells are long, cylindrical, and striated. They are multi- nucleated meaning that they have more than one nucleus. This is because they are formed from the fusion of embryonic myoblasts. Each nucleus regulates the metabolic requirements of the sarcoplasm around it. Skeletal muscle cells have high energy requirements, so they contain many mitochondria in order to generate sufficient ATP. 3. Smooth muscle cells – Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped and contain a single central nucleus. They range from 10 to 600 μm (micrometers) in length, and are the smallest type of muscle cell.  They are elastic and therefore important in the expansion of organs such as the kidneys, lungs, and vagina. The myofibrils of smooth muscle cells are not aligned like in cardiac and skeletal muscle meaning that they are not striated, hence, the name smooth. BLOOD CELL Blood is specialized fluid connective tissue. It travels through the circulatory system transporting gases, nutrients, wastes, and other macromolecules throughout the body. Blood cells are classified as either erythrocytes or leukocytes. Erythrocytes are commonly referred to as red blood cells or RBCs. Leukocytes are white blood cells, or WBC. A smaller third cellular constituent are the thrombocytes (platelets). Types of Blood Cell 1. Red Blood Cell - Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), have predictable dimensions which makes them a good “histologic ruler”. They are circular with a diameter of 7.8 micrometers. Erythrocytes are shaped like biconcave discs (donut). At their perimeter they are 2.6 micrometers thick, at the center they are only 0.8 micrometers thick. This shape increases the cell's surface area to allow for more oxygen binding. Because these dimensions are typically consistent, leukocytes can be identified by comparing their size to that of the erythrocytes. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body 2. White Blood Cell- Leukocytes, also called White Blood Cells (WBCs), are associated with the immune system. Types of white blood cells include: Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Neutrophils and Basophils. ✓ Lymphocytes - Lymphocytes are white blood cells that are also one of the body's main types of immune cells. They are made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue. ✓ Monocytes - Monocytes are the white blood cells that form macrophages and dendritic cells. Monocytes express molecules which play a dominant or accessory role in the adhesion to platelets, lymphocytes and other cells ✓ Eosinophils - Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell. They help fight off infections and play a role in the body's immune response. They can also build up and cause inflammation. ✓ Neutrophils - Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that helps heal damaged tissues and resolve infections. Neutrophil blood levels increase naturally in response to infections, injuries, and other types of stress. ✓ Basophils - Basophils are granulocytes that mature in the bone marrow, circulate in blood, and can be recruited into peripheral tissues at sites of inflammatory responses. 3. Platelet - Thrombocytes, more commonly known as platelets, are small, formed elements found throughout the blood. Because they do not contain a nucleus or organelles, they are not considered to be true cells. Functionally, platelets are essential for forming clots in response to tears in blood vessels. NERVE CELL Nerve cells, also known as a neurons, are the active component of the nervous system. Neurons communicate with each other as well as with other cells through electric signals (nerve impulses), which in turn allows effector organs to respond to the appropriate stimuli. Each nerve cell consists of the cell body, which includes the nucleus, a major branching fiber (axon) and numerous smaller branching fibers (dendrites). The myelin sheath is fatty material that covers, insulates and protects nerves of the brain and spinal cord. eurons have specialize cell parts called dendrites and axons. Dendrites bring electrical signals to the cell body and axons take information away from the cell body. One way to classify neurons is by the number of extensions that extend from the neuron's cell body (soma). ✓ Bipolar Neuron - Bipolar neurons have two processes extending from the cell body (examples: retinal cells, olfactory epithelium cells). ✓ Pseudounipolar cells – Pseudounipolar cells (example: dorsal root ganglion cells). Actually, these cells have 2 axons rather than an axon and dendrite. One axon extends centrally toward the spinal cord, the other axon extends toward the skin or muscle. ✓ Multipolar neurons- Multipolar neurons have many processes that extend from the cell body. However, each neuron has only one axon (examples: spinal motor neurons, pyramidal neurons, Purkinje cells). FAT CELL A fat cell, or adipocyte, is a connective tissue cell that has differentiated and become specialized in the synthesis (manufacture) and storage of fat. The fat cell (adipocyte) is important to the body in maintaining proper energy balance, storing calories in the form of lipids, mobilizing energy sources in response to hormonal stimulation, and commanding changes by signal secretions. Part A. Basic Plant Cell Structure Elodea Plant a. Break off a single leaf near the tip of an Elodea plant and prepare a wet mount. Position the slide so that you are observing the edge of the leaf near the tip. Observe the cells both under low power and high power. If you are viewing at the edge of the leaf you should see only one cell thickness. You should also see two types of cells. One type of cell has a smooth margin facing the environment; the second type, called a spike cell, has a projection out into the environment. b. The thick cell walls and the green chloroplasts are the most conspicuous structures. Sometimes a shadow of a nucleus can be seen. If you are patient and fortunate, you may see movement of the  chloroplasts around the periphery of the cell. This movement, called cyclosis, is caused by cytoplasmic streaming. c. Make a labeled drawing of a few Elodea cells to demonstrate your observations. Label cell wall, cytoplasm, and chloroplast Part B. Basic Animal Cell Structure Human Blood Cells a. View the human blood first under low magnification and then turn to medium magnification. You will see both "purple" and "pink" stained cells. b. View the human blood cells under high magnification, remembering to use correct procedure for using a microscope. c. Label the red blood cell, white blood cell and platelet. A. Elodea Cell B. Human Blood Cell 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. Guide Questions Part A. Elodea Plant 1. What is the general shape of an Elodea plant cell? 2. In which type of cell does the plant Elodea belongs? 3. What do you think is the purpose of cyclosis? 4. What is the purpose of chloroplasts in plants? Part B. Human Blood Cell 1. How does the structure of a red blood cell relate to its function? 2. Do white blood cells change shape? Why? 3. What will happen if there is no presence of platelet in the blood?  Plant cells are multicellular eukaryotic cells that make up a plant (a group of eukaryotes belonging to the Plantae kingdom, with the ability to synthesis their own food using water, Sunlight and CO2). Dermal tissue – this tissue lies on the surface of plants and its made up of epidermal cells that protect the plants from losing water. Ground tissue – This makes up the root vascular and epidermal system majorly made up of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells responsible for plant photosynthesis, storage of water and food and the plant support system. Vascular Tissue – this tissue is made up of xylem, phloem, parenchyma and cambium cells, with its functions including transportation of water (xylem), transportation of food (phloem), minerals, hormones in the plants. There is an enormous range of animal cells. Each is adapted to a perform specific functions, such as carrying oxygen, contracting muscles, secreting mucus, or protecting organs. The skin cells of animals mostly consist of keratinocytes , melanocytes, and langerhans cell – “cyte” means cell. Myocytes, muscle fibers or muscle cells are long tubular cells responsible for moving an organism’s limbs and organs. Muscle cells can be either skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells or smooth muscle cells. Blood is specialized fluid connective tissue. It travels through the circulatory system transporting gases, nutrients, wastes, and other macromolecules throughout the body. Erythrocytes are commonly referred to as red blood cells or RBCs. Leukocytes are white blood cells, or WBC. A smaller third cellular constituent are the thrombocytes (platelets). Nerve cells, also known as a neurons, are the active component of the nervous system. Neurons communicate with each other as well as with other cells through electric signals (nerve impulses), which in turn allows effector organs to respond to the appropriate stimuli. A fat cell, or adipocyte, is a connective tissue cell that has differentiated and become specialized in the synthesis (manufacture) and storage of fat. Multiple Choice: Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on the black before each number. _____1. These are the examples of the types of White Blood Cells EXCEPT ____________. a. Eosinophils c. Monocytes b. Basophils d. Adipocytes _____2. Which of the following cells act as a physical barrier from pathogens and external damages from chemicals such as radiation _________________________? a. Nerve cell c. Pavement cell b. Germ cell d. Trichomes _____3. This cell transports dissolved foods and organic materials throughout the plants since it has the ability to move the materials in all directions of the plant, depending on the age of the plant, what is this cell? a. Trichomes c. Phloem b. Skin cells d. Basophils _____4. What type of cells make up the heart’s muscle tissues? a. Melanocytes c. Smooth muscle cell b. Parenchyma cell d. Cardiac muscle cell _____5. These types of animal cells EXCEPT ______________ _. a. Merkel cell c. Lymphocyte b. Parenchyma cell d. Myocyte Types of Plants Cell – Definition, Structure, Function and Diagrams retrieved from: https://microbenotes.com/types-of-plant-cell/ Animal Cells retrieved from: https://basicbiology.net/micro/cells/animal-cells Overview of Blood and Blood Components retrieved from: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02316 Types of Muscle Cells retrieved from: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/types-of-muscle- cells Nerve Cells retrieved from : https://www.microscopemaster.com/nerve- cells.html#:~:text=Essentially%2C%20nerve%20cells%2C%20also%20known,respond%20to%20the %20appropriate%20stimuli. What’s in a Fat Cell retrieved from: https://www.livescience.com/62218-whats-in-a-fat-cell.html Title Cell Types Language English Keyword Epidermal cell, parenchyma cell, collenchyma cell, phloem cell, xylem cell, meristematic cell, skin cell, muscle cell, blood cell, nerve cell, fat cell, adipocyte Description In this lesson, you will be able to classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues) and specify the functions of each. (STEM_BIO11/12- Ia-c-4). Primary Media Print/online/offline Primary Storage USB drive Resource Location Department of Education Region VI – Western Visayas Division of Aklan District of Ibajay West Maloco National High School Author/Developer DIANA M. REPAZ, MAT Teacher II Maloco National High School Reviewer/Consultant MARY CHERRY LYNN M. DALIPE, Ed.D. Education Program Supervisor Science and Research  LET’S CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE! 1. TRUE 3. TRUE 5. FALSE 2. FALSE 4. FALSE LET’S DO THIS! Part I Part II 1. Chloroplast 1. Red Blood Cell 2. Cell Wall 2. White Blood Cell 3. Cytoplasm 3. Platelet Guide Questions Part A. Elodea Plant 1. What is the general shape of an Elodea plant cell? Box-like shape/ rectangular/ square 2. What do you think is the purpose of cyclosis? The term cyclosis refers to the streaming of cytoplasm inside a living cell. This motion enables materials to reach all parts of a cell including: oxygen and nutrients. There is a protein called actin, found in all eukaryotic cells which is part of the cytoskeleton. 3. What is the purpose of chloroplasts in plants? A chloroplast is a type of plastid (a saclike organelle with a double membrane) that serves as the site of photosynthesis, the process by which energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy for growth. Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll to absorb light energy. Part B. Human Blood Cell 1. How does the structure of a red blood cell relate to its function? Because of their viscoelastic characteristic, red blood cells are able to squeeze through very thin capillaries in order to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. * The biconcave shape of red blood cells helps maximize the overall surface area required for oxygen absorption. 2. Do white blood cells change shape? Why? White blood cells change their shape to reach a site of infection. The rearrangement happens when the cell is squeezed as it tries to fit through a tiny capillary- -the bonds holding the proteins together break, allowing the blood cells to behave like a liquid and stretch into a bullet shape. The ability to change in shape allows the cells to create a protective layer around pathogens that have medicinal value. 3. What will happen if there is no presence of platelet in the blood? The effect of the platelet response is to stop the bleeding and to form the site of the developing blood clot, or thrombus.... If platelets are absent, this important defense reaction cannot occur, and protracted bleeding from small wounds (prolonged bleeding time) results. LET’S MEASURE YOUR LEARNING! 1. D 3. C 5. B 2. C 4. D