biology-1.pdf

Tissue Group of cells that carry out specific 1. Simple squamous epithelium functions that work together. – have scale-like appearance Three embryonic tissues called germ 2. Simple cuboidal epithelium layer:...

Tissue Group of cells that carry out specific 1. Simple squamous epithelium functions that work together. – have scale-like appearance Three embryonic tissues called germ 2. Simple cuboidal epithelium layer: – box-like cell. – Endoderm - inner layer, gives rise to the 3. Simple columnar epithelium lining of the digestive and respiratory – column like cell. systems. – Mesoderm - middle layer, forms muscles, B. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium bones, blood vessels, and connective – type of epithelium that appears to be tissues. stratified and consists of a single layer of – Ectoderm - outer layer, develops into the irregular shape and different size of skin, nervous system, and parts of the eyes columnar cell. and ears. C. Stratified Epithelium Four ANIMAL Main Types of Tissues - consists of several stacked layers of cells. 1. Epithelial tissues – covers the body and lines body cavities. 1. Stratified squamous epithelium 2. Connective tissues – most common type of stratified - give support and structure, to bind epithelium in the human body together, and to protect tissues and organs 2. Stratified cuboidal epithelium of the body. – functions as protective tissue. 3. Muscle tissues 3. Stratified columnar epithelium - composed of muscle fibers that – functions for secretion and specialized to shorten or contract that protection. results in body movement. 4. Transitional epithelium 4. Nervous tissues - another kind of stratified epithelium - specialized for generating and transmitting that has gradual changes in shape electrical impulses throughout the body of the apical cells Two classification of Epithelial tissues GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM 1. Covering and Lining epithelium Types of glands - Covers skin and internal organs. 2. Glandular epithelium 1. Endocrine Glands – thyroid gland, sweat glands, digestive – a ductless gland that releases secretion glands, and adrenal glands that are into the surrounding tissues and fluids. responsible for secretion of chemical 2. Exocrine Glands – secretion leaves substances through a duct that leads to epithelial surface. COVERING AND LINING EPITHELIUM A. Simple Epithelia CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE – consists of single layer which facilitates TISSUE the processes of absorption, secretion, and filtration. 1. Connective tissue proper healing of wounds, and general – a type of connective tissue in which development. fibroblasts are present SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUES 2. Connective tissue fibers and ground - which provide support and hold the body substance – composed of proteoglycans tissues together. and cell adhesion proteins 1. Cartilage CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER – a type of specialized connective tissue that provides support. 1. Loose Connective Tissue –functions for a. Hyaline cartilage - helps your both shock absorption and binding tissue bones move smoothly past each a. Adipose tissue - Stores fat and other in your joints. provides insulation. b. Elastic cartilage - supports parts of b. Areolar tissue - Supports and binds your body that need to bend and organs, allowing flexibility. move to function. c. Reticular tissue - Forms a c. Fibrocartilage - acts as a cushion framework for soft organs like the within joints, where it helps manage liver and spleen. compression forces and reduces 2. Dense Connective Tissue stress placed on joints. – contains more collagen fibers than loose connective tissue which make it have 2. Bone greater resistance to stretching. – known as the hardest connective tissue. a. Dense regular connective tissue - - The main function of bone is to provide Fibers are aligned parallel, providing protection to delicate internal organs such strong support in one direction (e.g., as the brain and support the body. tendons, ligaments). b. Dense irregular connective tissue 3. Blood - Fibers are arranged randomly, – It is a type of body fluid that is considered allowing strength in multiple as connective tissue because of its matrix. directions (e.g., skin dermis). Plasma – fluid part Blood cells – solid part CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS AND a. Erythrocytes – RBC - Transport GROUND SUBSTANCE oxygen in the blood. b. Leukocytes – WBC - Fight 1. Collagen fibers infections and support immunity. - is a protein in the form of fibre and is the c. Thrombocytes - platelets - Help in body's 'glue'. blood clotting. 2. Elastic fibers - to provide elasticity and resilience to the MUSCLE TISSUE tissues. - composed of muscle fibers that 3. Reticular fibers specialized to shorten or contract that - support the early extracellular matrix results in body movement. during the formation of scar tissue, the - voluntary which means under conscious 2. Apical meristem control - involuntary that is not controlled by 3. Intercalary meristem consciousness. Characteristics: 1. Skeletal muscle ▪ The cells are small and thin-walled – a type of muscle that is attached to ▪ With large nuclei but no vacuoles; if bone which makes it possible for present usually small locomotion, facial expressions, ▪ With no intercellular space posture, and other voluntary movements of the body. APICAL MERISTEM 2. Cardiac muscle - Found at the apex or tips of stems or roots – a type of muscle that forms the (RAM and SAM); contractile walls of the heart. - - Responsible for the lengthwise extension Cardiomyocytes or the cardiac cells of the plant (primary growth) are striated 3. Smooth muscles – muscles found LATERAL MERISTEM in the lining of internal organs. - Located at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for vertical growth. NERVOUS TISSUE - specialized for generating and transmitting INTERCALARY MERISTEM electrical impulses throughout the body - Found at the base of leaves or internodes, enabling regrowth and elongation in grasses Basic Part: and other plants. 1. Cell body - where the nucleus is located SIMPLE TISSUES 2. Dendrites - extend from the cell body and receive signals from other A. Parenchyma (living at maturity) neurons - Most component of ground tissue 3. Axon - a long extension that (especially in the pith region); transmits electrical impulses over - Thin primary wall without secondary wall; long distances. - Loosely packed with intercellular spaces; i.e. aerenchyma cells - contain large Glial cell intercellular spaces which allows gas - does not transmit electrical impulses. exchange - supporting role by surrounding and protecting neurons and supplying them with IMPORTANT POINTS OF PARENCHYMA nutrients. 1) Photosynthesis 2) Storage of air PLANT TISSUES 3) Storage of water and minerals 4) Two types of parenchyma are there Meristematic Tissues palisade Three kinds of Meristems 1. Lateral meristem Parenchyma performs photosynthesis Anatomical differences between a Dicot where the rate is very high because of high and a Monocot root chlorophyll content and spongy parenchyma acts as a air storage DICOT MONOCOT B. Collenchyma (living at maturity) - Characterized with unevenly thick walls; Root system Tap root Fibrous - Usually part of the vascular bundle and beneath the epidermis of a stem and/or Sub-epidermis None Yes petiole Vascular bundle Diarch, Poly-arch - Function: flexible support arrangement Triach, Tetrach C. Sclerenchyma (Dead at maturity) - Lacks protoplast at maturity; - With thick Vascular Present Absent Cambium secondary wall (lignified); - Typically part of the cortex of stems; bark Pith undistinguis Present and leaves hable - Function: mechanical support (fibers) protection (sclereids) MODIFIED ROOTS TISSUE SYSTEMS 1. Adventitious roots, or brace roots, grow 1. Ground Tissue from the stem or leaves, as seen in pandan - constitutes majority of the plant body or corn, and help support the stem by 2. Dermal Tissue extending into the ground. - outer layer of the plant body; i.e. epidermis 2. Lateral roots of mangrove trees develop for young plant parts periderm for woody pneumatophores, which are upright growths plant parts that provide aeration to submerged roots in 3. Vascular Tissue swampy areas. - Function: transport water and nutrients to the different parts of the plant THE STEM PLANT CELL MODIFICATION Anatomical differences between a Monocot stem and a Dicot stem The root Root system - tap root Fibrous root Monocot Dicot Monocot root x.s - Corn root x.s Arrangement of Scattered Ring-like or Dicot root x.s - monggo vascular in circle tissues DICOT ROOT Food Storage: Pith/cortex Undistingui Distinct Young dicot – cortex and 1^0Phloem shable Old root - 2^0Xylem and 2^0Phloem  digesting insects falling into their Vascular --- Present cavities. Anatomical features of Monocot, Dicot and Animal Cell Modification Gymnosperm leaf Microvilli are small, fingerlike projections on the surface of Dicot: Ixora epithelial cells that increase the Mesophyll : dorsiventral surface area, enhancing the Stomata : lower epidermis absorption of substances. Fimbriae are fingerlike extensions Monocot: Pandanus and Zea mays near the ovary that help guide the Stomata - Present in the lower and released ovary into the fallopian upper epidermis tube. Alveoli are tiny, grape-like air sacs Leaf modification: located at the ends of the Younger leaves of poinsettia are brightly bronchioles in the lungs, offering a colored to help in attracting pollinators. large surface area for gas exchange during respiration. Tendrils Goblet cells are specialized simple - modified leaf petioles, veins, or stipules columnar epithelial cells that - growing in climbing plants like garden produce and secrete gel-forming peas, bitter gourd and cucumber, can coil mucins, the main component of around support for anchorage. mucus. Red blood cells are biconcave, Transpiration and Guttation disk-shaped cells that provide increased surface area for gas Transpiration Guttation exchange. The absence of a nucleus allows more space for hemoglobin. Structure Stomata Hydathodes White blood cells, also known as involved (open-day; leukocytes, contain enzymes and closenight) proteins that help protect the body Phase of Vapor Water from infectious diseases and foreign water invaders. A neuron is a specialized cell with Other factors Light, water Low three parts: dendrites, a cell body, involved and carbon transpiration and an axon, which transmit nerve (environment) dioxide (humid) impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord. Succulent leaves of century plants, Sperm cells contain numerous aloes, sedums, and other desert mitochondria that generate energy to plants are thick and fleshy, allowing propel their flagellum toward the egg them to store water and survive long during fertilization. They also periods of drought. possess enzymes necessary to Tubular or vase shaped leaves of Pitcher plants secrete a fluid for  penetrate the egg's thick membrane and deliver genetic material. Ciliated epithelium in the upper airways sweeps mucus and inhaled particles away from the lungs, while cilia in the oviduct help move an egg toward the uterus.