Biological Molecules PDF

Biological Molecules GROUP 4 GENERAL BIOLOGY I  STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES  OBJECTIVES 01 02 03 Categorize the biological Explain the role of Describe the molecules ( lipids, each biological c...

Biological Molecules GROUP 4 GENERAL BIOLOGY I  STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES  OBJECTIVES 01 02 03 Categorize the biological Explain the role of Describe the molecules ( lipids, each biological carbohydrates, protein, and components of an molecule in specific nucleic acids) according to metabolic processes enzymes their structure and function.  OBJECTIVES 04 05 Determine how factors such Explain oxidation/ reduction as pH, temperature, and reactions substrate affects enzymes activity Biomolecules (Biological Molecules) -essential compounds produced by living organisms, required for growth, function, and maintenance.  MAJOR TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS LIPIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS 01 CARBOHYDRATES STRUCTURE The basic elements that make up carbohydrates are Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O). They can be simple (monosaccharides) or complex (disaccharides, polysaccharides). Energy source: Glucose, a FUNCTION monosaccharide, is the primary source of energy for cells. Structural components: Cellulose in plant cell walls and chitin in insect exoskeletons provide structural support. Energy storage: Starch in FUNCTION plants and glycogen in animals store excess glucose. Cell recognition: Carbohydrates on the cell surface are involved in cell recognition and communication. 02 LIPIDS LIPIDS STRUCTURE Primarily composed of hydrocarbons, making them hydrophobic (water-repellent). They can be simple (fats and oils) or complex (phospholipids, steroids). Energy storage: Fats and oils store significant amounts of FUNCTION energy. Structural components: Phospholipids form the cell membrane, providing a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell. Hormones: Steroids like FUNCTION cholesterol and testosterone play crucial roles in signaling and regulation. Insulation: Fats and oils provide insulation, protecting organisms from temperature extremes. 03 PROTEIN STRUCTURE Composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. The structure can be primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (alpha-helices and beta-sheets), tertiary (3D shape), or quaternary (multiple subunits). Enzymes: Catalyze FUNCTION biochemical reactions, speeding them up. Structural components: Collagen and keratin provide structural support in tissues.  FUNCTION Transport: Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood, while albumin transports fatty acids. Hormones: Insulin and FUNCTION glucagon regulate blood sugar levels. Defense: Antibodies help protect the body from pathogens. 04 NUCLEIC ACIDS STRUCTURE Composed of nucleotides, each containing a sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil). Genetic information storage: FUNCTION DNA stores genetic information, while RNA is involved in gene expression. Protein synthesis: mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.  FUNCTION Energy transfer: ATP is the primary energy carrier in cells The Role of Biological Molecules in Metabolic Processes Metabolic processes are the chemical reactions that occur within living organisms, transforming molecules into energy or building blocks for growth and repair. Each type of biological molecule plays a crucial role in these processes.  CARBOHYDRATES METABOLIC PROCESSES Energy source: Glucose, a monosaccharide, is the primary fuel for cellular respiration, providing energy through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.  CARBOHYDRATES METABOLIC PROCESSES Structural components: Polysaccharides like cellulose and chitin provide structural support in plant cell walls and insect exoskeletons, respectively. Energy storage: Starch in plants and glycogen in animals store excess glucose for later use.  LIPIDS METABOLIC PROCESSES Energy storage and metabolism: Lipids, particularly triglycerides, are broken down through beta-oxidation to produce acetyl- CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle for energy production.  LIPIDS METABOLIC PROCESSES Membrane structure: Phospholipids form the bilayer structure of cell membranes, regulating the passage of molecules in and out of cells.  LIPIDS METABOLIC PROCESSES Hormone signaling: Steroid hormones like cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen play vital roles in various physiological processes, including growth, development, and reproduction.  PROTEIN METABOLIC PROCESSES Enzymes: Proteins acting as enzymes catalyze countless biochemical reactions, accelerating them and making them possible under physiological conditions. Structural components: Proteins like collagen and keratin provide structural support in tissues like skin, bones, and hair.  PROTEIN METABOLIC PROCESSES Transport: Proteins like hemoglobin transport oxygen in the blood, while others transport nutrients or waste products. Hormones: Some proteins, like insulin and glucagon, act as hormones to regulate metabolic processes.  NUCLEIC ACID METABOLIC PROCESSES Genetic information storage: DNA stores genetic information, which is passed from one generation to the next. Gene expression: RNA, particularly mRNA, carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis. Energy transfer: ATP, a nucleotide, is the primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for various cellular processes. Specific examples of metabolic processes involving these molecules include: Glycolysis: The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH. Citric acid cycle: The oxidation of acetyl-CoA into CO2, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2. Oxidative phosphorylation: The production of ATP from NADH and FADH2 using the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Specific examples of metabolic processes involving these molecules include: Fatty acid metabolism: The breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA for energy production. Amino acid metabolism: The breakdown of amino acids for energy or the synthesis of proteins. Photosynthesis: The conversion of light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen.  ENZYMES Enzymes are proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in our bodies. They are important for life and help with digestion and metabolism. Component of an enzyme Apoenzyme Cofactor The Active Site  APOENZYME This is the protein component of an enzyme. It provides the basic structure and active site, where the substrate binds.  COFACTOR This is a non-protein component that is essential for the enzyme's activity. Cofactors can be:  COFACTOR Coenzymes: Organic molecules, often derived from vitamins, that bind loosely to the enzyme. Examples include NAD+, FAD, and coenzyme A.  COFACTOR Metal ions: Inorganic ions, such as zinc, iron, or copper, that bind tightly to the enzyme.  ACTIVE SITE The active site is a specific region on the enzyme's surface where the substrate (the molecule being acted upon) binds. It has a unique shape and chemical properties that allow it to recognize and bind to the substrate with high specificity.  Key features of the active site: Specificity: The active site is highly specific for its substrate, ensuring that only the correct molecule can bind and react. Induced fit: The binding of the substrate often induces a conformational change in the enzyme, creating a more optimal fit for the reaction to occur.  Key features of the active site: Catalytic efficiency: The active site contains amino acid residues that participate in the catalytic process, lowering the activation energy of the reaction. FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY pH Temperature Substrate Concentration  Enzymes are biological catalysts that significantly accelerate chemical reactions. Their activity can be influenced by various environmental factors, including pH, temperature, and substrate concentration.  pH (potential of hydrogen) Enzymes are highly sensitive to pH. Each enzyme has an optimal pH at which it functions most efficiently. Deviations from this optimal pH can disrupt the enzyme's structure and interfere with its ability to bind to the substrate.  acidic pH Disrupts ionic bonds: Acidic conditions can disrupt ionic bonds between amino acids, leading to changes in the enzyme's structure. Denaturation: In extreme cases of acidity, the enzyme can become denatured, losing its ability to function.  alkaline pH Disrupts ionic bonds: Alkaline conditions can also disrupt ionic bonds, affecting the enzyme's structure. Denaturation: Extreme alkalinity can lead to denaturation of the enzyme  extreme ph Denaturation: Both extremely acidic and alkaline conditions can lead to denaturation of the enzyme, rendering it inactive. Loss of activity: As the enzyme's structure is disrupted, it becomes less able to bind to its substrate or catalyze the reaction  TEMPERATURE Temperature also significantly affects enzyme activity. Enzymes generally function best within a specific temperature range.  Temperature Low temperature: As temperature decreases, the kinetic energy of molecules also decreases, leading to more slowly collisions between enzymes and substrates. This can decrease enzyme activity.  Temperature High temperature: Excessively high temperatures can denature enzymes, disrupting their structure and rendering them inactive.  Temperature Optimal temperature: Each enzyme has an optimal temperature at which it exhibits maximum activity.  SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION The amount of substrate present that can be turned into product. Low substrate concentration: With a lower concentration of substrates, there are fewer opportunities for the enzyme to bind and form the enzyme- substrate complex. This reduces the rate of the reaction. High substrate concentration: At high substrate concentrations, the enzyme becomes saturated, and further increases in substrate concentration have little effect on the reaction rate.  BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES AND REDOX REACTIONS Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions involve the transfer of electrons between substances. In these reactions: Oxidation- refers to the loss of electrons from a molecule, atom, or ion. Reduction- refers to the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion.  Biological molecules are the building blocks of life, and they play a crucial role in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions.  Energy Carriers ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): The primary energy currency of cells, ATP is generated through redox reactions in processes like cellular respiration  Energy Carriers NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2: These coenzymes are involved in electron transfer during redox reactions, carrying electrons from one molecule to another.  Electron Donors and Acceptors Carbohydrates: Glucose, a common carbohydrate, is oxidized in cellular respiration to produce energy. Lipids: Fatty acids can be oxidized to produce energy.  Electron Donors and Acceptors Proteins: Amino acids can be broken down and oxidized for energy production. Oxygen: In aerobic respiration, oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, accepting electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce water.  Enzymes Enzymes catalyze redox reactions, speeding them up and making them possible under biological conditions. Many enzymes require cofactors (such as NAD+ or FAD) to function.  EXAMPLES OF REDOX REACTIONS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Cellular Respiration: The process by which cells extract energy from glucose and other molecules involves a series of redox reactions. Photosynthesis: Plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, a process that involves redox reactions Metabolism: Many metabolic pathways involve redox reactions, such as the breakdown of fatty acids and the synthesis of amino acids. Electron Transport Chain: This process, occurring in the mitochondria, involves the transfer of electrons through a series of proteins, ultimately producing ATP.  Biological molecules are intimately involved in redox reactions, serving as energy carriers, electron donors and acceptors, and enzymes. These reactions are essential for life and provide the energy and building blocks needed for growth, development, and other vital functions. THANK YOU! QUIZ TIME Members G4 12 MAXWELL Lourizz Chan Charmel Cogonon Florence Nichole Alontaga Almairah Misug Bless Zhamelle Abao Reyden Dela Cruz Angelo Puricallan Kristan H. Mundo Jay Verano