Precision Crop and Livestock Management PDF

Slide 1 Precision Crop and Livestock management Anton Gresse, MSc (Agric) Slide 2 Process of acquiring data for implementing precision D...

Slide 1 Precision Crop and Livestock management Anton Gresse, MSc (Agric) Slide 2 Process of acquiring data for implementing precision Data feedback to increase intelligence Flow of data from biological variable to digitalized platform for monitoring and Biological component of soil and crops or livestock Specialised sensors to measure variables in site or remotely Large data acquisition Require software package to store and analyse the data collected Expertise to turn data into information into knowledge Incorporate management decisions based on data analyses analyses Right time, the Right amount, and the Right place, Right source and Right addition method System becomes more intelligent with building foundation of historic data and benchmarks. Connectivity with Bluetooth and IoT. Slide 3 PCM The demand for PA is driven by recognition within-field variability and opportunities for treating areas within a field or production unit differently. Variability within fields is typically measured by soil sampling, field scouting, physical measurements, soil survey, and yield monitoring Precision seeding, Variable rate fertilizer application, Precision irrigation and selective pesticide application Site-specific deep tillage to remove soil compaction. Range of technologies or diagnostic tools Global navigation satellite system (GNSS), Geographic information systems (GIS), Yield monitors, near-infrared reflectance sensing, and remote sensing Collecting and analyzing in-field spatial variability data (Stats), Monitor and make site-specific management decisions for soils and crops Slide 4 Sun, H., Li, M., Zhang, Q. (2022). Crop Sensing in Precision Agriculture. In: Li, M., Yang, C., Zhang, Q. (eds) Soil and Crop Sensing for Precision Crop Production. Agriculture Automation and Control. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70432-2_8 Do your own research on the mechanism and application of these sensors. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QPtyY5WHUU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hy3T_Jn8xs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ow9dLPrQb1w Slide 5 PCM Embedded on drones: multispectral camera, thermal camera, RGB camera and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems. Multispectral cameras are used for quantifying the state of the monitored vegetation in terms of: chlorophyll content, leaf water content, ground cover and, Leaf Area Index (LAI) Thermal cameras have demonstrated high potential for the detection of water stress in crops due to the increased temperature of the stressed vegetation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tl1YkbdcEgU Remote sensing: Crop monitoring, Soil moisture, Nutrient management, Weed management, Yield estimation Slide 6 Site Specific Management Sensing tools help in evaluating crop biomass, weed competition, nutrient status and soil properties, and provide valuable data required for site-specific management (SSM) Operated with the help of navigation geographic information systems, which is a system that combines both GNSS and GIS systems. This system includes components not limited to i) map display, ii) path planning, iii) navigation control, iv) sensor system analysis, v) precision positioning and data communication The use of auto-steering GNSS-controlled tractors optimizes path planning while reducing overlap. Map driven seeding operations facilitate matching plant populations and crop genetics with the soil landscape based on historical crop yield as assessed from yield monitor data. Slide 7 Site-specific soil and crop management Soil grid management Integrating remote sensing with tillage to address soil compaction Variable rate application of seeds, nutrients (fertilizer), moisture (irrigation), herbicides and pesticides. Slide 8 Geospatial applications The term “geospatial technologies” is used to describe the range of tools to produce geographic mapping and analysis of the Earth’s surface and human activities-Google Earth and web Microsoft Virtual Earth Slide 9 Smart Irrigation and Fertigation Modern agriculture has also coined the term “Smart Irrigation”, which is essentially an Internet of Things (IoT) application in PA. The system senses soil moisture levels and manages irrigation scheduling in real time along with providing a record of field conditions and applied water to supplement farm management records Better management of crop production inputs such as fertilizers, seeds, pesticides, herbicides, and machinery fuel by implementing the right management practice at the right place and time Build fertile root zone and increase resilience. Slide 10 Sensing in situ Electrical conductivity: Soil solute concentration Moisture content sensors: In site or remote on UAV using reflectometry (GNSS). Photodiode using light to measure soil properties such as moisture, clay, organic matter. Sensors developed to measure nutrients in plants and soil. Slide 11 Yield monitoring and mapping benefits of the yield monitors: i) an operator can quickly view crop performance during harvest, ii) yield data can be transferred to a computer and summarized on a field-by- field or total-farm basis, and iii) this information can be geographically referenced to generate yield maps for year- to-year comparisons of high- and low yielding areas of a field. John Deere S700 combine Slide 12 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qI3n-IIW6hA Slide 13 https://www.caseih.co.za/products/agxtend-2/ Download and study brochures for applications from AGXtend below NIRXACT: Above FARMXTEND: FarmXtend offers three environmental farming sensors for weather, rain and soil. These wireless sensors connect to the FarmXtend App, facilitating a simple solution for monitoring crops and plots SOILXPLORER: The SoilXplorer sensor emits an electromagnetic signal into the soil while four coils measure the soil conductivity at four different depths. SEEDXCONTROL, DEPTHXCONTROL. XPOWER: Weeding CROPXPLORER: Calculate N rates Slide 14 Slide 15 Slide 16 https://agriculture.trimble.com/en/products/hardware/flow-application- control/greenseeker-handheld-crop-sensor https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLJIQurWjyM&t=4s Slide 17 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pIkKxVD4ws&t=7s Slide 18 Autonomous tractors, Agricultural Drones, Crop harvesting robots, robots Seeding machines, and Robotic weeding Slide 19 Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) encompasses the combined application of single technologies or multiple tools in integrated systems for real-time and individual monitoring of livestock. ‘‘Individual animal management by continuous real-time monitoring of health, welfare, production/reproduction, and environmental impact” Automated data harvesting reduces stress on animals (with no handling necessary) and labour. Slide 20 Slide 21 Monitoring Group level Individual animals Sensors that can be static, moving or animal-mounted Slide 22 Location, Weight Theft prevention, Assessment of activity budget, Behaviour, Feed intake of grazing animals, Reproduction monitoring (i.e., oestrus, calving, or lambing). Remote sensing by satellite images Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) seems promising for biomass assessment and herd management Use UAVs to monitor, track, or even muster animals have been reported. Virtual fencing-Audio cues and an electric shock delivered Slide 23 Identification Radio frequency identification tags (RFID) and can be grouped into boluses, ear tags, and injectable glass tags. Pedigree Health and medication Reproductive status Growth rate Exit reason Slide 24 Know components and application of AfiMilk Afimilk: AfiAct, AfiLab, AfiFarm, AfiCollar, AfiCloud, Afi2Go, AfiSort, AfiFeed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QA1qPtdpQtI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kolPgfmi8oY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plnJAAk1GUE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJ3wPyQAt4c Slide 25 Body Weight Conventional weighing can be stressful, dangerous and time consuming. Walk Over Weighing at attractant (food or water) Daily weights used to monitor growth rate, health status (nematodes) and even fetal growth ID postpartum anoestrus interval Slide 26 Activity Accelerometer Pedometer Neck collar or ankle bracelet Tail, bolus, Ear tags (Cow manager) Monitor feeding and ruminating Oestrus, anoestrus Timely insemination Pick up sick animals prior to clinical signs Lameness Slide 27 Temperature THI to monitor heat stress in animals, especially in doors or arid environments. Surgically implanted devices, infrared devices, and endo-ruminal boluses equipped with temperature sensors. Bolus can monitor rumen pH to detect metabolic diseases. Slide 28 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PM9rust2sDY&t=16s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTzFa-82d14&t=8s Slide 29 Sound Measure the time budget of the combined behaviour of lying and ruminating in dairy cows. Detect ‘gakel’ calls in laying hens which can be linked directly to the state of hunger. Feed intake in broilers can be measured using sound analysis, correctly detecting 93% of pecking sounds and 90% of feed intake. Monitoring the frequency of vocalisations to estimate weight, since this is highly correlated with growth rate. Symptoms of disease can be detected with sound analysis, for example coughing in pigs and in calves and rale sounds in chickens, as symptoms for lung disease. Sound analysis can also detect pig screams and aggression Slide 30 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8vB9ddw0cY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJHr0oUk5Fo&t=3s Slide 31 Cameras Thermal data of environment Growth rate and health status and animals (Body (Body Condition) Temperature) Cameras and vision systems Thermographic cameras can can be used to monitor leg detect mastitis in dairy cows health in broilers, using and vaccination response in optical flow or using image- piglets. based activity monitoring in pigs and poultry Vision systems can detect body postures in poultry and monitor behaviours such as wing spreading, scratching and preening Slide 32 Most pig and poultry farms have an automatic climate control systems, including sensors that measure Temperature and Relative Humidity (RH), Environmental Air speed control Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Ventilation Indirectly measure using other sensors, thermal, sound and activity deviations. Slide 33 Reduce animal/human interaction Automation Increase efficiency Increase animal welfare and robotics Self feeding/milking Slide 34 Robochick is a modular robot that it is hoped will play a At the end of the trial, a 2.9% increase in feed conversion role in helping farmers better monitor shed environments, was reported from the robot shed and 18.7% fewer improve bird activity levels and even collect fallen stock rejected birds when compared with the control. Slide 35 Slide 36 Slide 37 Slide 38 Slide 39 Slide 40 Precision livestock feeding Analyses of raw material for feed-NIR Digestibility (energy and nutrients available) Dry Matter, Moisture content, NDF, ADF, ME, NE, CP, bypass protein Formulation software to formulate rations based on age, production, reproductive status etc. Slide 41 References Precision Agriculture for Sustainable Soil and Crop Management DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101759 Aquilani, C., Confessore, A., Bozzi, R., Sirtori, F. and Pugliese, C., 2021. Review: Precision livestock farming technologies in pasture-based livestock systems. Animal. 16 (1), 100429. Daponte, P., De Vito, L., Glielmo, L., Iannelli, L., Liuzza, D., Picariello, F. and Silano, G., 2019, May. A review on the use of drones for precision agriculture. In IOP conference series: earth and environmental science (Vol. 275, No. 1, p. 012022). IOP Publishing. Gresse, A.U., 2018. Alternative approaches for analyses of production performance from automatic milking systems in South Africa (MSc dissertation, University of Pretoria).