BIOL 1406 Exam 4 Review PDF

Exam \#4 Review =============== **Chapter 12: Cell cycle** - Intro: Why cells divide, why not divide and mitosis - Vocab of DNA: genome, chromsomes, chromatin, genes, somatic cells, gametic cells, chromatin, centromere, chromatids, sister chromatids, daughter cells (see figure 12.5)...

Exam \#4 Review =============== **Chapter 12: Cell cycle** - Intro: Why cells divide, why not divide and mitosis - Vocab of DNA: genome, chromsomes, chromatin, genes, somatic cells, gametic cells, chromatin, centromere, chromatids, sister chromatids, daughter cells (see figure 12.5) - Chromosomes in humans: 23 pairs, karotypes, homologs etc. (see page 254-255) - The cycle of life: placing Mitosis and meiosis into perspective - Phases of the cell cycle (G, S, M etc) and Go phase - Mitosis stages - What happens: prometaphase included - Focus on organelles involved and key terms involved - Telophase vs. cytokinesis - Mitotic spindle formation and manipulation - Mitosis in animal vs. plant cells vs. bacteria (division) - Cell cycle regulation - How it works - Key terms- Growth factor, density-dependent inhibition, anchorage dependence - Cancer cell biology - Why do cancer cells keep multiplying? - Key terms-Transformation, benign tumor, malignant tumor, metastasis - Mitosis vs. Meiosis (see next section) **Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual life Cycle** - Asexual vs. sexual reproduction - Overview of Meiosis: keeping track of the chromsomes and new events - Meiosis specific vocabulary/events: synapsis, chiasmata, homologus chromsomes - Crossing-over events - Mitosis vs. Meiosis - Chromatid separation - Status of DNA within daughter cells - Presence/absence of certain events at each stage - Tracking chromosome number in somatic vs. gametic cells - How meiosis results in genetic variation: why we don't look like our parents - Independent Assortment (rem later for genetics) - Crossing-overrecombination (recombiant chromosomes) **Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene idea** - Mendel and his Pea plant experiments - Why peas? What makes them a good study subject - What Mendel did (how the peas were crossed). And what he saw. - What did he learn that forms the basis for classical Mendelian genetics? - Classic Mendelian Genetics: character, allele, true-breeding, hybridization, P, F1, F2, dominances, recessive - Laws of segregation and independent assortment - Test Cross (why do it?) - Genetics problem sets - Laws of multiplication (how to use them) - Be able to create unique gametes from given genotypes (multiple alleles= more than 2) - Outcomes of monohybrid crosses - Probabilities of offspring given cross of parents w/ multiple alleles - Generally: know probability rules to solve any genetics problem - Sex-linked traits - Non-Mendelian Genetics (exceptions) - Incomplete dominance - Codominance - Multiple alleles - Pleiotrophy - Epistasis - Polygenetic inheritance - The role of the environment for determination of the phenotype (gene by environment interaction) **Chapter 15: The Chromosomal basis for inheritance** - Back to Mendel: linking Mendel\'s laws with meiosis - Tracking alleles on chromosomes, genetic recombination and linkage - Sex chromosomes and sex determination - Sex-determination in mammals with the SRY gene, mechanisms involved - Sex-linked traits - X inactivation, barr bodies and calico cats - Genetic recombination, parental types, recombinants - Chromosomal abnormalities: nondisjunction and alterations to chromsome structure - Karyotypes, why do them (note when they are made!)