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PHILOSOPHY IMMANUEL KANT-German rationalist thinker "PHILO"-love ►THREE POSTULATES OF ETHICS SOPHIA" Wisdom...

PHILOSOPHY IMMANUEL KANT-German rationalist thinker "PHILO"-love ►THREE POSTULATES OF ETHICS SOPHIA" Wisdom "The existence of freedom, immortality and If only for this reason philosophy is inevitable God cannot be proved nor disproved as long as human being exist. They will philosophize and search for meaning HUMAN FREEDOM MAIN GOAL: ETHICAL OR MORAL IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL PHILOSOPHY GOD EXISTENCE OF FREEDOM ►ETHICS-IS A PRACTICAL AND NORMATIVE SCIENCE BASED ON REASON THAT STUDIES 1. BEFORE AN ACT One is conscious HUMAN ACTS AND PROVIDES NORMS FOR that HE/SHE deliberates the reasons In favor of or against a definite THEIR GOODNESS OR BADNESS action: unless his/her will is free, this ►AS A PRACTICAL SCIENCE, ETHICS DEALS deliberation would be absurd WITH A SYSTEMATIZED BODY OF KNOPWLEDGE THAT CAN BE USED, PRACTICED 2.During decision One is conscious that AND APPLIED TO HUMAN ACTION. he/she is giving his/her consent freely, so he/she performs his/her actions with IT RESOLVES QUESTIONS THAT INVOLVES great caution realizing he/she is DETERMINING WHETHER IF AN ACT IS RIGHT assuming responsibility OR WRONG OR IF THERE IS A NORM OF GOOD 3.After decision he/she is conscious that AND EVIL AMONG OTHERS he/she could have made a different HUMAN ACTS decision; and he/she blames or praises himself/herself for any regret or credit DONE WITH KNOWLEDGE AND FULL CONSENT accruing from the action ONE KNOWS WHAT ONE IS DOING -Unless the will is free to act with regard DOES IT FREELY AND WILLINGLY to these action the, the deliberation, decision and assumption of merit and demerit would have been absurd. ACTS OF MAN ON THE CONTRARY ABSENCE OF EITHER KNOWLEDGE OR -determinist upholds that one 15 not CONSENT OR BOTH free in so far as one is determined by IGNORANCE-absence of knowledge in an socio-cultural factors such OS religions, individual who should be aware of such. customs and family upbringing. VINCIBLE-that can be overcome by exerting -the way one thinks, reasons and effort behaves is Molde by one's socio-cultural orientation. One is acting under the "Individual is morally responsible for their illusion of freedom, one thinks one is ignorance and the acts resulting from it free but actually one is not INVINCIBLE-can hardly be removed even if one were to attempt to overcome it, ERRONEOUS CONSCIENCE Immortality of the soul JUDGES INCORRECTLY THAT WHAT IS GOOD IS EVIL WHAT IS EVIL IS GOOD -many claims that in as much as it is spiritual as evidenced by the fact of reflexive knowledge, it is indestructible -even the most primitive tribes have per se. some code or unwritten, precepts by which the troglodytes act and behave in "one does not only know but also knows relation to one another in the group. that one knows" - this is so because, human beings, God's existence whether in prehistoric or modern times ► Theist maintains that the presence of is a special individual who lives with vast universe indicates the existence of a other individuals. supreme intelligence MEDICAL ETHICS- oldest phase o ► in so far as there is order there must bioethical exploration, be intelligence -is a formulation of ethical norms for the ► The greater the design and the more conduct of healthcare professional in the vast and complicated the order, the treatment pf patients. more supreme the intelligence HIPPOCRATIC OATH: Physician's duty to responsible for such huge order must be keep patients away from harm and the believers call this God injustice ATHEIST: RESEARCH ETHICS -this refers to Presence of evil and human suffering in conducting experiments using humans this world contradicts the existence of all as specimens. wise, all good, all powerful and all just NUREMBERG CODE(drafted 1947)- GOD humanize the cruel and barbaric nature TYPES OF ETHICS of experiments using humans as specimens conducted in Germany GENERAL ETHICS-refers to all the diverse concentration camps. ethical formulations of general and universal concepts and principles that The code considers the experimental serve as the foundation of morality. subjects' consent, known now as informed consent, decision or choice. -sometimes called normative ethical inquiry PUBLIC POLICY-third stage in the development of bioethical inquiry APPLIED ETHICS- Referred to as special ethics because it applies general moral -refers to the people's efforts or concepts and principle to specific involvement in formulating public situations in life in which they are guidelines for both clinical cases and applicable, valid and legitimate. biomedical research BIOETHICS AS APPLIED ETHICS-Ethics of THEMES IN BIOETHICAL INQUIRY life -The three ever-recurring major -can be considered as ethics of medical subjects, however that underlie and care dominate much of the deliberation of biomedical problems are: -Branch of applied ethics that investigates practices and developments PRINCIPLES OF BENEFICENCE in the life sciences and/or biomedical -Practice of doing acts of goodness, fields kindness and charity. -prescribes the EVOLUTIONARY PHASE OF ETHICS avoidance and preventions of harm and the production of good COMPLEMENTARY ASPECTS >Erros- love mostly of the sexual kind between individuals. It means that they POSITIVE ASPECT- production of good only do a certain action to reach their NEGATIVE ASPECT- Avoidance of harm own personal desires. PRICIPLE OF AUTONOMY >philia or filial- refers to the affection that binds parents to his/her child or -Mandates a strong sense of personal between sibling. responsibility for one's own life. Agape-refers to one's care, concern, -labelled as the right to self kindness towards others determination THREE APPROACHES TO MORALITY BY PRICIPLE OF JUSTICE- rendering what is FLETCHER due or merited 1. Legalism-/normative approach- -one acts justly, if and when one gives prescribed certain general moral others their due, but acts unjustly, prescriptions, laws, norms that are used whenever one withholds what others to judge, determine and settle the deserve. rightness or wrongness of human -principle of equity or fairness judgement or decision. CHAPTER ll 2. antinomianism-frees the Christian from the obligations of the moral law, in SIX PROPOSITION OF FLETCHER which case, there is no absolute precepts or moral principles by which to 1. only one thing is intrinsically good- be guided in making decision, love alone is good. One who acts decide and judges by agapeic love can never bw 3. Situationism-moral norms depends wrong. upon a given situation; one must decide on any of these situations in the name of 2. the ultimate norm of Christian Christian love. decision is love, nothing else- Christian love goes beyond race and religion. SITUATION ETHICS- 3.love and justice are the same, for -advocated by Josepg Fletcher justice is love distributed to be just to the person one loves -states that the moral norm depends upon a given situation, but whatever the 4 love wills the neighbour good whether situation maybe, one must always act in we like him or not the name of Christian love 5 only the end justifies the means no -situation in this context refers to a matter how good or beneficial the end human condition or any state of moral maybe, one may not employ evil means affairs and issues that demands a moral to attain it. judgement or actions 6. decision ought to be made ETHICAL SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT situationally and prescriptively. -no prescription by which an individual can Relativism-known also as moral decide on a certain moral problem relativism Moral opinion of one individual is as good as any other because there is no CHRISTAN LOVE objective basis for saying that a particular action is right or wrong apart Fletcher cites three types: from a specific social group BIOETHICS INTRODUCE CLASSIFICATION -actions are good insofar as they tend to OF ETHICS promote happiness or tends to reduce pain RULE AND ACT -the rightness and badness of an action Rule Ethics-appeals to set criteria, norms is determined by the goodness or or rules to settle what is right, just, and badness of their consequence ethical decision is to make. Act Ethics-determines an acts rightness and wrongness by weighing its consequences. CLASSIFICATION OF ETHICAL THEORIES Ethicist usually classifies Ethical theories into: 1. Teleological or Consequential (From the Greek word "TELOS" which means "end" or "purpose" 2. Deontological (From the Greek word "DEON" which means "duty" or "obligation" stresses duty as the norm or moral actions MEDICAL ETHICS - Is only one component of bioethics that is specifically concerned with moral principles and decisions in the context of medical practice, policy and research. BIOETHICS Is an applied ethical study that deals with moral problems. Particular moral decision and precept. Its principle may be grounded in as an ethical theory which contends that aborting a fetus is against the natural moral law. PRAGMATISM- beneficials or workable CHARLES PIERCE, WILLIAM JAMES AND JOHN DEWEY -MORE OF A THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE OR TRUTH. UTILITARIANISM FOUNDED BY JEREMY BENTHAM/ STUART JOHN MILL