Biochemistry PDF

DEFINITION OF BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemistry Is the science that studies the structure and transformations of chemical substances that compose living matter, as well as the physicochemical and physiological processes essential for sustaining vital activities within organisms. Organic Chemistry Analytica...

DEFINITION OF BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemistry Is the science that studies the structure and transformations of chemical substances that compose living matter, as well as the physicochemical and physiological processes essential for sustaining vital activities within organisms. Organic Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Physical Chemistry Cell Biology Physiology Genetics 1.2. FIELDS OF BIOCHEMISTRY: 1. STRUCTURAL BIOCHEMISTRY: This branch focuses on studying the chemical composition of living matter and the properties of Isolated biological compounds. METABOLIC BIOCHEMISTRY: This field explores the complexity of chemical transformations within the organism, covering anabolic processes (synthesis of complex biomolecules from simple molecules) and catabolic processes (breakdown of complex molecules to release energy). FUNCTIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY: This branch focuses on the chemical processes underlying vital activities, from cellular respiration to enzymatic activity, muscle contraction, and signal transmission. 4. CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY: Clinical biochemistry focuses on Interpreting laboratory test results to provide an accurate diagnosis. This field has direct applications In medical practice, allowing for health assessments, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment performance. Characterizing Fundamental Compounds Biosynthesis and Degradation of Biochemical Components Understanding Health and Disease Mechanisms Clinical and Differential Diagnosis Enzyme Modulation and Drug Action Treatment of Nutritional and Endocrine Disorders Identifying Causes of Congenital Metabolic Diseases Monitoring Disease Progression and Treatments IL.1. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN BODY The major components of the human body are classified into two main categories: inorganic components and organic components. * The basic morphological and functional unit of living matter is the cell, which contains all the necessary equipment to sustain life and ensure its continuity. Living organisms are described as "open systems," This energy is essential for the process of "metabolism," a fundamental property that ensures the survival and proper functioning of the organism. INORGANIC COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN BODY Inorganic components play an important role in maintaining the structure and function of the human body, A.1. Chemical composition of living organisms: "bioelements," the "universal basic list." These bioelements include: * A sextet of nonmetals: * An octet of elements: The distribution of these elements varies quantitatively, with the most abundant being oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen, which together make up about 96% of the total mass of cells. These bioelements are classified into four groups: 1. Macroelements: O, C, N, H, Ca, P 2. Oligoelements: Na, K, Cl, S, Mg, Fe 3. Microelements: Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, F, B, 1 4. Ultramicroelements: Li, Al, Si, Cd, Cr, Ni FUNCTIONS OF BIOELEMENTS: Bioelectric Function Osmotic Function Structural Function Regulatory Function Mechanical Function Energy Function Water In adults, water constitutes 60-70% of the total body mass, and the percentage varies depending on several factors: Age Sex Tissue Metabolism Body Composition Daily Water Intake Daily water Intake is ensured through three main sources: External Fluid Intake Solid Food Consumption Water Produced Through Metabolism The body's water balance is maintained with minor fluctuations (less than 1% of body weight), indicating a precise regulation mechanism between water Intake and excretion. Most water is excreted through the kidneys (0.6-2 liters/day), but also through the lungs (400 cm*), intestines (100-200 cm'), and skin (500 cm'). Biological roles of water: Dissolution and Stabilization of Biological Molecules and Ions Thermal Balance Control Transport of Nutrients and Waste Removal Mechanical Function Structural Role Catabolic Role Maintenance of Acid-Base Balance A.3. MINERAL SALTS Mineral salts are essential for the proper functioning of the body, represented by compounds such as chlorides, phosphates, sulfates, and carbonates of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. ORGANIC COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN BODY: BIOMOLECULES * Biomolecules represent a fundamental concept referring to the totality of organic molecules integrated Into the structure of living matter. These molecules play an essential role in the biochemical, structural, and functional organization of living organisms. Main categories of biomolecules In living organisms: 1. Biomolecules with energy and structural roles: Carbohydrates and lipids 2. Biomolecules with a structural role: Proteins 3. Biomolecules with an Informational Role 4. Biomolecules with Regulatory Roles 5. Distribution of Biomolecules in Cells 6. Importance of Biomolecules in the Body Importance of biomolecules in the body: Carbohydrates and lipids provide energy. Proteins provide structure and catalyze chemical reactions. Nucleic acids control genetic transmission. Enzymes, vitamins, and hormones regulate and maintain homeostasis INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM Intermediary metabolism Is a complex process that Includes two essential components: catabolism and anabolism. Intermediary metabolism is a well-balanced process that Involves both the breakdown of biomolecules to obtain energy and the synthesis of new compounds necessary for growth and repair. For all cell types, Intermediary metabolism involves two main types of metabolic pathways: Central or Common Metabolic Pathways Glycolysis Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Pentose Phosphate Pathway Oxidative Phosphorylation 2. Specific metabolic pathways: Hemoglobin synthesis in erythrocytes Glycogen synthesis and degradation in liver and muscle cells Lipid metabolism in adipose cells, Energy Production Synchronization of Biomolecule Synthesis and Degradation Production of Precursors for Macromolecular Synthesis Maintaining Metabolic Homeostasis CATABOLISM AND ANABOLISM: Two essential components of Intermediary Metabolism, 1. Catabolism is the process by which nutrients from food or Internal reserves are broken down into simpler molecules such as lactic acid, pyruvic acid, acetyl-CoA, COz, ammonia, and urea. The main molecules undergoing catabolic breakdown Include carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. These reactions are oxidative and release energy in the form of ATP, which Is essential for cellular functions. 2. Anabolism represents the biosynthesis process, where simple molecules are transformed into complex structures, such as: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids. Metabolic regulation: Gentle mechanisms Allosteric mechanisms I. IV. THE FUNDAMENTAL ROLE OF FOOD IN HUMAN HEALTH 4 Nutritional Requirements Nutrition An organism's energy needs are determined by biosynthesis, maintaining body temperature, and physical activities, with higher demands during growth and development and lower needs with age. In a resting state, the body consumes energy for basic functions, known as basal metabolism. Basal metabolism is around 1000 kcal per day per square meter of body surface, measured under standard conditions: complete rest, a warm environment, and no food intake for 12 hours. Role of Food: Food undergoes several complex changes in the digestive system, such as: Mechanical processing: Physical changes: Chemical changes: Digestion Is Influenced by enzymes from saliva, gastric juice, duodenal and intestinal secretions, and Intestinal bacterial Dora. 4 General stages of food degradation: 1. Breaking down macromolecules into soluble, easily absorbable micromolecules 2. Degrading micromolecules into simpler compounds (Intermediate metabolites). 3. Completely degrading intermediate metabolites into the final products of catabolism (CO2, H2O,NH3) Regulation of Eating Behavior Appetite Hunger Satiety Eating Behavior Disorders Bulimia Aversion