BioChem - Chap 1 (1).pdf

Chapter 1 - BioChemistry Parts of a Eukaryotic Cell - BioChemistry Intro to Biochemistry Cell Theory: Carl Neuberg All living things are made up of cells. - (Father of Modern Bioche...

Chapter 1 - BioChemistry Parts of a Eukaryotic Cell - BioChemistry Intro to Biochemistry Cell Theory: Carl Neuberg All living things are made up of cells. - (Father of Modern Biochemistry) in 1903. Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. Biochemistry - deals with the chemistry of life and living Prokaryotic processes. One-celled, No nucleus - It is the subject of unity in the diversified DNA looks like a twisted rubber band living kingdom. Do NOT have membrane-covered organelles. Organic chemistry All have a cell wall outside the cell - carbon is the element of life membrane. bacteria Physical chemistry Eukaryotic - study how fast reactions occur Larger, Have a nucleus Do have membrane-covered organelles Inorganic chemistry Some (plants) have a cell wall - often metals are incorporated into Types of eukaryotic biochemical structures (such as iron in Animal Cells hemoglobin) Plant Cells Analytical chemistry Organelles - biochemists use sophisticated Are the things that make the cell work instrumentation to determine amounts and Also known as “little organs” structures Have specific jobs that help keep the cell alive. Molecular biology - similar to biochem; study living systems at the molecular level Cell Golgi Body Processes and packages materials for the cell. Mitochondria The "Powerhouse". Breaks down food to produce energy in the form of ATP. Rough E.R. Builds and transports substances through the cell. Has ribosomes on it. Smooth E.R. Builds and transports substances through Cell Membrane the cell. Does not have ribosomes. A double layer that supports and protects the cell. Allows materials in and out. Ribosome Helps make protein for the cell. Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes that destroy damaged organelles and invaders. Cytoplasm Jelly-like fluid that surrounds and protects the organelles. Nucleus The control center of the cell. Contains the DNA. Nuclear Membrane Surrounds the nucleus. Cell wall Nucleolus Gives shape and protection to plant cells. A round structure in the nucleus that makes ribosomes. Chloroplast Changes sunlight into sugar for plant cells. Vacuole Contains a green pigment called chlorophyll. Stores food and water. Tissues - BioChemistry Type of Epithelium: Animal Tissues Squamous epithelium - flattened cell Histology: Structure: the study of tissues. Cells are thin, fat, irregular cells which it like Tissues: floor tiles to form delicate lining called groups of cells which are similar in structure PAVEMENT EPITHELIUM and which perform common or related functions. Nuclei in centre Location in the body: 4 Basic Kinds or Types of Tissues Oesophagus lining of mouth, alveol of the Epithelial Tissue lungs, blood vessels Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Function: Nervous Tissue Protects the underlying issue from injury grems Epithelial Tissue Exchange of gases in lungs and materials between cells and blood Epithelial Tissue Locations: Covers the body Type of Epithelium: Lines the cavities, tubes, ducts and blood vessels inside the body Cuboidal epithelum - cube-like cell Covers the organs inside body cavities Structure: Epithelial Tissue Functions: Cells are cuboidal with round Protection from physical & chemical injury, Nuclei in centre Protection against microbial invasion, Location in the body: Contains receptors which respond to stimuli, Filters, secretes & reabsorbs materials and Kidney tubules, duct of salivary glands 0000 Secretes serous fluids to lubricate nucleus in centre structures. Function: Gives mechanical support Different Types of Simple Epithelium Tissue At times the epithelial tissue folds forms a gland that secretes substances. Such  epithelium is called GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM Type of Epithelium: Columnar epithelium - tall cell Structure: Cells are more tall and less wide (PILLAR LIKE), placed side by side. Nucleus is situated near the base. (Rectangular shape) Nuclei near base Location in the body: Inner lining of intestine, in respiratory tract cells have ola (hair like) that move and push Neuron the mucous to dear Such epithelium is also known as a neurone or nerve cell) is an called CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and Function: chemical signals. Helps in absorption excretion and secretion It is the working unit of nervous system Consists of cell body with cytoplasmic extensions-dendrites, axon and pole Connective Tissue Most abundant & widely distributed tissue Muscle Tissue Connective Tissue Functions: Associated with the bones of the skeleton, Connects, binds and supports structures, the heart and in the walls of the hollow organs of Tendons, ligaments, etc. the body. Protects & cushions organs and tissues, Insulates (fat) and Muscle Tissue Functions: Transports substances (blood) Movement Locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat  Facial expressions Forms solid layer of cells which line blood Pumps blood vessels, body cavities & cover organs in Peristalsis body cavities Stratified - multiple layers Forms epidermis Nervous Tissue Main component of the nervous system, ie., Columnar Epithelium brain, spinal cord & nerves. Simple - one cell thick Nervous Tissue Functions: Column shaped (long & narrow) Line digestive tract where reabsorption & Regulates & controls body functions secretion occurs. Generates & transmits nerve impulses Pseudostratified - gives the appearance of Supports, insulates and protects impulse more than one layer of columnar epithelial generating neurons. cells Animal Tissues Specific tissue types & representative cell types we will review: Epithelial ○ Squamous ○ Cuboidal ○ Columnar Connective ○ Adipose ○ Bone ○ Hyalaine cartilage Muscle Nervous Epithelial Tissues Squamous Epithelium Simple - one cell thick Safety in the Laboratory - BioChemistry 1. Toxic substances are poisonous (acute) and have carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic effect Chemical Safety Publication of American on human and other organism. Chemical Society (ACS) Integrated Chemists of the Philippines (ICP) 2. Flammable substances can create fire under Philippine Association of Chemistry certain conditions; examples of these are friction Teachers (PACT) sensitive substances like solvent. Environmental Management Bureau - 3. Corrosive substances are acidic or basic and Department of Environment and Natural are capable of corroding metals. chemical action, it Resources (EMB-DENR) can cause severe damage when in contact with Accident prevention, not the regulations, is the living tissue e.g., HCI, HNO. essential component of all laboratory operations: 4. Reactive substances are unstable under Doing safety is not the right way to work - it is the normal conditions and readily undergo violent only way. changes without detonating; reacts violently with water and create spontaneously explosive mixture Accident prevention like toxic gases, vapors, and fumes and are is a collective responsibility that requires the capable of detonating, e.g., cyanide or sulfur full cooperation of everyone in the laboratory. Your bearing substances. safety is both you and your laboratory instructor's Some chemicals are hazardous in only one first concern, report unsafe acts to her or him. of these ways, some in more than one. Every Everyone is responsible for accident prevention, chemical, even water, is hazardous in at least one especially you, the person actually carrying out the way. laboratory procedures. From one point of view, water is the most Accidents often result from: dangerous single chemical known. Considering all an indifferent attitude, known industrial accidents involving chemical failure to use common sense, reactions, those involving water as a chemical failure to follow instructions, making a reactant caused more fatalities than any other mistake. single chemical compound. Toxic chemicals could be of virgin materials that are poisonous. In the 16th century, a military Chemicals surgeon and alchemist known as "Paracelsus" can cause harm if they are not handled (whose real name was Philippus Aureols properly, they can be toxic, flammable, corrosive or Theophrastus Bombast von Hoheneim.) wrote: reactive. "What is it that is not poison? All things are poison and nothing is without poison. It is only the dose (OSHA) do not require or prefer any particular only that makes a thing not a poison." format or ordered presentation of topics for an MSDS. It only mandates that the MSDS be in Hazardous chemicals defined by the U.S English and that it includes Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as any chemicals that present a hazard a. CAS registry number either under normal use or in a foreseeable b. Chemical name emergency. c. Composition of mixture d. Physical/chemical properties Toxic chemicals can enter the body by four e. Fire and explosion hazard data. The routes: information in this section usually includes 1. Inhalation through respiratory tract (lungs) by the following: breathing Flash point Autoignition temperature 2 Ingestion through the digestive tract. This can Flammable limits occur through eating; chewing gums; applying Recommended extinguisher media; cosmetics or smoking in the laboratory; using a Health hazards of the chemical contaminated beaker, say, as a cup for drinking f. Permission Exposure Limit (PEL) and coffee; or eating lunch without washing your hands Threshold Limit Value (TLV) after working in the laboratory. g. Control measures h. Target organ 3. Absorption through body openings such as the i. Precautions for spills and cleanup ears or eyeball socket, through cuts in the skin, or j. First aid even through intact skin. k. The date of preparation or, if revised, the 4. Injection of a toxic substance through a cut made date of the revision in the skin by a sharp, contaminated object. l. The manufacturer's name and address Possibilities include mishandling a sharp-edged Danger piece of a contaminated broken glass beaker or signifies that the hazards can cause serious misuse of a sharp object such as a knife of injury (e.g., blindness) or death. hypodermic needle. Warning signifies that the hazards can cause less Sources of Information than serious injuries. 1. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). Caution Additional information about hazardous warns users to be careful when using, reagents can be found on MSDS. The U.S. handling, or storing the chemical. Occupational Safety and Health Administration 2. Labels 1. Physical Hazards 3. Catalogue 4. Posters 2. Health Hazards a. Safety Data contains safety rules, storage a. Environmental Hazard classification, symbols explanation, S- and R-phrases Chemical substances b. Safety Labelling contains work safety explanation in distributing Chemical substances c. Mixed Storage of Chemicals. Don't store flammable substances near oxidizers. contains work safety explanation in chemical substance storage. d. Periodic Table e. Signage Fume Hood The laboratory chemical hood is a ventilated enclosure that protects you from being exposed to f. Internet. MSDS-ChemDAT chemical fumes, gases, and aerosols that are generated within the enclosure. GLOBALLY HARMONIZED SYSTEM (GHS) GHS refers to the "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals" developed by the UN. Its goals are harmonized criteria for the classification for physical, health, and ecological hazards; harmonized communication with regard to hazardous substances labelling, material safety data sheets, transport labelling of dangerous goods, occupational health and safety, and consumer protection. This was implemented in 2010. Fire Theory 3. Don't run or panic, Don't use elevators - Fire Source: REMOVE one - you have no WHY? fire! 4. Go to ground level into the open air! 5. Go to your assembly point! DON'T RETURN TO THE BUILDING UNLESS IT'S SAFE ALREADY!!! Emergency Exits 1. The sign must be clear. 2. Show the way to the closest exit. 3. Equipped with emergency lighting. Classes of Fire 4. Never locked. 5. Free from bags and other equipment. 6. Directly connected to emergency stairs. Emergency Call 1. Know the location of the emergency phone 2. Make an emergency call! Give the order of information. a. Where was the accident? b. What is your name? c. What happened? d. How many injured? Fire Safety Don't finish the call, before the other person Evacuation procedures gives his O.K.!!!! 1. Go out to a place of safety! 3. Inform the nearest FIRST AID staff! 2. Help the handicapped!