Bio3130 2nd Exam PDF

Photosynthetic pigments: pigments present in photosynthetic organisms that capture the light energy necessary for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll a: - The essential photosynthetic pigment in nearly all photosynthetic organisms. - The primary photosynthetic pigment. Accessory photosynthe...

Photosynthetic pigments: pigments present in photosynthetic organisms that capture the light energy necessary for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll a: - The essential photosynthetic pigment in nearly all photosynthetic organisms. - The primary photosynthetic pigment. Accessory photosynthetic pigments: pigments that work in conjunction with chlorophyll a. They include chemicals such as chlorophyll b in green algae and plants, or chlorophyll b and c in other seaweeds. Seaweed structure: - Thallus: entire body - Pneumatocyst: gas filled bladder - Blade: leave-like structure - Stipe: stem-like structure - Holdfast: root-like structure Green algae: - Chloraphyta - Marine and freshwater, only 10% of the species are marine. Dominate marine environments with variable salinity. Brown algae: - Phaeophyta - Almost exclusively marine. Dominant primary producers in temperate and polar rocky coast. - Most complex morphologically. - Including kelp and other brown seaweeds Red algae: - Rodophyta - Almost exclusively marine. Most diverse groups of seaweeds. Diatoms: one of the most common phytoplankton with silica walls and overlapping halves. Kelps: - Large brown algae seaweed of the order Laminariales - The most complex and large of the brown seaweed. - Most kelps are found in temperate and cold seas. Marine plants: - Oceanic photosynthetic organisms that use chlorophyll a and b as their main photosynthetic pigments. - Including: seagrass, salt marsh plants, and mangroves. - All are angiosperms (flowering plants) Seagrasses: - Related to water lilies - Have flowers, roots, and specialized cells to transport nutrients within their bodies.  - Most species produce flowers, pollen and seeds, completing the entire life cycle underwater; they can also reproduce vegetatively - Can form extensive beds or meadows, which are highly diverse and productive ecosystems, and can harbor hundreds of associated species. Halophytes: including salt marsh plants (mangroves) Mangroves: - Shrubs or small trees that grow in coastal saline or brackish water. - Only occur in the tropics and subtropics. - Salt tolerant trees, and are adapted to life in harsh coastal conditions. Cnidaria and Ctenophora: have tissues, no organs, radial symmetry Sponges: - (Porifera) are the most primitive animals – aggregations of specialized cells and do not form true tissues. - Most are marine, all are sessile (Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongiae) Platyhelminthes: in Platyzoa, they are flatworms, mostly marine, includes turbellarians, flukes (trematodes) and tapeworms (cestodes). Arthropoda: the most diverse group of animals, many marine species - Trilobites (extinct) - Chelicerates: horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, spides mites, scorpions - Myriapods: millipedes, centipedes (terrestrial) - Crustaceans - Hexapods: insects (mainly terrestrial and freshwater) Nematoda: one of the most diverse groups of animals, important in the meiofauna, include parasitic species. Crustaceans: the great majority of marine arthropods are crustaceans. Copepods: small crustaceans, dominant members of the zooplankton. They are important in marine ecology and the regulation of the carbon cycle. Barnacles: exclusively marine, sessile suspension feeders, disperse during their active swimming larval stages. Decapods: include crayfish, crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and hermit crabs. They are commercially important group. Most are scavengers, herbivores or carnivores. Chelicerata: one of the main groups of Arthropoda, mainly terrestrial, includes the arachnids (scorpions and spiders). The main 2 oceanic groups are: horseshoe crabs and sea spiders. Mollusca: the most diverse marine group, 200,000 species, characterized by having a foot and normally a shell. Annelida: - Segmented worms, including polychaetas, found in many environments. - Include earthworms and leeches. Bryozoa: colonial benthic, very common Gastropods:  - Most diverse group of mollusks, include slugs and snails. - Highly diverse ecological and morphological. - Many species are commercially and biomedically important. Bivalves: - Laterally compressed bodies. - Shell with 2 hinged portions. - Most are filter feeders. - Include many commercially important groups. Cephalopods: - Include squid, octopus, and nautilus. - Prominent head with tentacles and well-developed brains. - Use ink for defense. - Exclusively marine. - Commercially important. - Can reach large size Echinoderms: appear to have radial symmetry but they are bilaterians. Sea stars: - Echinoderms are shaped like stars. - Ecological important predators found from the intertidal zone great depths. - Known for their regeneration abilities. - Feed by extruding their stomach. Sea urchins: - Name derives from similarity to hedgehogs. - Very important marine herbivores controlling the populations of kelp and other algae, but some species are predatory, like sea stars, they move using many adhesive tube feet. Bony fish (Osteoclasts): - Have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue as opposed to cartilage. - Most fish are bony fishes, which are extremely diverse and abundant group consisting of about 28,000 species. - Classified into 2 groups: ray-finned fish (actinopterygians), the most common in diverse fish; and the lobe- finned fish (sarcopterygians), which are the ancestors of the rest of the vertebrates. Sea turtles: - There are 7 extant species of sea turtles around the world, mainly in tropical oceans. - Use specialized glands to eliminate the excess of salt from their bodies. - They also need to breath air but can stay underwater for hours. Sea snakes: - Most diverse group of marine reptiles with 62 species. - Well adapted to a fully aquatic life. - Paddle-like tails and laterally compressed bodies aid in locomotion.  - Lack gills and must surface to breath. - Very venomous, but generally not aggressive. Pinnipeda: - Carnivore mammals adapted to live in the ocean. - Need to come back to land to reproduce. - 3 main groups: Otariidae (sea lions and fur seals), Phocidae (seals and elephants seals), Odobenidae (walruses). Odobenidae: - A diverse group in the fossil record, it only has one living species, the walrus. - Adults are recognizable by their tusks, whiskers, and large, bulky bodies. - Highly gregarious, can form herds of thousands. Sirenia: - Derives its name from the Latin word for mermaid. - Fully aquatic vertebrates, have not colonized the marine environment completely, restricted to coastal and freshwater ecosystems, need to drink freshwater. - Currently includes: Dugong (Southeast Asia), Manatees (Atlantic – 3 species), and Steller’s sea cow (North Pacific – extinct). - Vulnerable: hunting and habitat destruction. Cetacea: - A group of mammals fully adapted to live in the ocean, with the exception of a few species of river dolphins, cetaceans are exclusively marine. - Complete their life cycle in the ocean and cannot survive on dry land. - Still need to breath air. - Body shaped have been heavily modified for swimming: lost posterior limbs, evolved a dorsal fin, and blowhole. - Placental mammals and posses fundamental traits: give birth to live offspring that mothers feed with milk from their mammalian glands. - Give birth underwater and immediately after birth, the mother carries the infant to the surface for its first breath. - Have warm bodies that need to isolate from the cold ocean water with thick layers of body fat, or blubber. - 2 main groups: baleen whales (Mysticeti) and toothed whales (Odontoceti). Baleen: - Filter-feeding system inside their mouth is called baleen. - Feed by filtering planktonic animals from the sea water. - Baleen plates are on the upper jaw of the whale. Keystone species: because sea otter’s habitat, the kelp forest, depends on them for regulation and when the sea otter populations declined, so what does the kelp forest. Middens: an ancient trash pile full of everyday waste from past cultures. Sessile: animals attached permanently to the substrate. Zonation: defined as the distribution of species and distinctive vertically arranged bands where conditions are most appropriate for them. Including: upper intertidal, middle intertidal, lower intertidal, and subtidal. Epifauna: In the soft-bottom intertidal, animals living on the substrate – the main difference with rocky intertidal is that there are no sessile animals on soft-bottom. Infauna: In the soft-bottom intertidal, animals that burrow in the sediment. Many of these organisms have adapted to burrow holes or galleries. Anoxia: lack of oxygen Coastal plain estuaries: estuaries were formed when the sea level rose at the end of the last ice age. Bar-built estuaries: estuaries were formed by accumulation of sediments from a river along the coast. Subside estuaries: estuaries were formed by the sinking of the land. Fjords: estuaries were formed by glacier erosion and subsequent retreating. Brackish: intermediate between typical oceanic salinity and freshwater. Coriolis effect: The ocean is in constant movement, which is caused most commonly by the action of the Coriolis effect. In general, wind circulation, thermocline circulation, tidal forces, and wave action. The Coriolis effect is also responsible for the rotation of storms and hurricanes. Salt wedge: a wedge of saline water that occurs under a superficial layer of freshwater. This is caused by the difference in weight between salt and freshwater with the rising and lowering of the tidal waves, the salinity of the estuary’s changes. Tidal bores: are produced in funnel shaped estuaries during high tide and can make waves up to 20 feet high. In areas with tidal bores, the mixture of water is much sudden. Negative estuaries: in some desert areas where evaporation is more intense than the flux of freshwater from the river, the salinity increases dramatically up to 100%. Euryhaline: species can tolerate a wide range of salinities. They do not need to move when the salinity changes, but need to make physiological changes. Stenohaline: species that can only tolerate a narrow range of salinities. They could be either marine or freshwater. When the salinity changes, they need to migrate to areas in which the salinity levels are more adequate for them. Brackish water: species that adapted to live in water of intermediate salinity. Osmosis: the process of gaining or losing water depending on salt concentration in the tissues. This is the process by which water moves through semi-permeable membranes to maintain a constant concentration of solvents on both sides of the membrane. Osmo conformers: organisms that allow their body fluids to change with the salinity of the water. Osmo regulators: organisms that keep the salt concentrations in their body more or less constant and need to use organs (kidneys and gills) to control loss or gain of water. Anoxic: condition with little to no oxygen present. Deposit: eat organic matter from sediments, like earthworms do in soil. Suspension feeders: filter tiny food particles from water, like mussels and barnacles.