Human Biology 116 Unit 2 Study Guide PDF

Human Biology 116 Unit 2 Study Guide Hicks Lecture Chapter 5 (Part 1) Study Guide Terms: Define each of the following terms. Myocardium Endocardium Endocarditis Pericardium Pericarditis Which parts o...

Human Biology 116 Unit 2 Study Guide Hicks Lecture Chapter 5 (Part 1) Study Guide Terms: Define each of the following terms. Myocardium Endocardium Endocarditis Pericardium Pericarditis Which parts of the body make up the cardiovascular (CV) system, and what are their functions? What are the 4 main functions of the CV system? Name and describe the 3 types of blood vessels, including their function and the direction of blood flow with respect to the heart. Anatomy of the heart: Be able to identify each structure of the heart in a picture: The 4 heart chambers The 4 heart valves Chordae tendinae Which chambers of the heart receive blood? Which chambers of the heart discharge blood? What is the function of the heart valves? What is the function of the chordae tendinae? What are the 3 layers of the heart chamber walls? Which layer is responsible for the pumping action of the heart? What is the function of pericardial fluid? Blood flow through the heart: Understand that the heart acts as two separate pumps ▪ Where does the right side pump blood? ▪ Where does the left side pump blood? Be able to describe the path of blood through the heart and the rest of the body: ▪ Beginning with the Vena cavae, where does the blood flow? (Go through the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit until you end up back at the vena cavae ▪ At each point in the path, be able to identify blood as oxygenated (O2 rich) or deoxygenated (O2 poor) ▪ Understand what happens with oxygen and carbon dioxide in the capillaries of both the lungs and the systemic capillaries. Cardiovascular Pathways: Name the two circuits of the cardiovascular system ▪ For each circuit, where does the blood flow? ▪ Describe the pathways Describe hepatic portal circulation and explain its purpose. Describe the basic relationship between the CV system and the kidneys. Be able to identify the major arteries and veins of the systemic circuit covered in the lecture. Chapter 5 (Part 2) Study Guide Terms: Define each of the following terms: Cardiac cycle Systole Diastole Nodal tissue Electrocardiogram (ECG) Thrombus Embolus Describe the events of the cardiac cycle. Be able to trace the path of electrical impulses through the heart. What is the function of the SA node and AV node? What is the role of the Purkinje fibers? Explain the importance of the rapid transmission of the electrical impulse throughout the heart. Heart sounds: What makes the “lub” sound? What makes the “dub” sound? What causes heart murmurs? Know the three main waves on an ECG and what events they are associated with in the cardiac cycle. Blood Pressure: What causes blood pressure? What is systolic pressure? When does it occur? What is diastolic pressure? When does it occur? What is the average/healthy systolic pressure and diastolic pressure? Explain the significance of a blood pressure gradient. Use this to explain why low blood pressure is dangerous. List and explain 5 factors that influence blood pressure. Describe the factors that influence venous return. Cardiovascular disorders: What is hypertension? ▪ What are the risk factors? What is Atherosclerosis? Describe some of the complications that atherosclerosis can lead to. What is a CVA (cerebrovascular accident)? What causes it? What is Myocardial infarction? What causes it? What happens in an aneurysm? What is heart failure? What are varicose veins/varices? What are hemorrhoids? Chapter 6 Study Guide Terms: Define each term. Plasma Antigen Formed elements Antibodies Serum Agglutination Coagulation Transfusion reaction What are the functions of your blood? Know the two major components of blood. What components are dissolved in plasma? Name the 4 types of proteins and give their functions. What are your 3 types of formed elements? Give the functions of each. Describe the shape of erythrocytes. What is the benefit of this shape? Why do mature erythrocytes not contain organelles & a nucleus? Describe the hemoglobin molecule. What is its function? What are the 3 ways CO2 is transported in the blood? How is the bulk of CO2 transported in your blood? Understand what happens to CO2 in the lungs and in the systemic tissues. What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in CO2 transport? Where are erythrocytes produced? What is their lifespan? What is the function of erythropoietin? What is the function of leukocytes? Name each type of white blood cell and give the function of each. Explain the role of platelets in blood coagulation. Describe the process of blood clotting. Give the functions of: The platelet plug Thrombin Fibrin Blood Disorders: What is anemia? What are the different types and causes of anemia? What is the cause of infectious mononucleosis? What is hemophilia? What causes this disease? Explain the basis for the different blood types If given a blood type: Determine which surface proteins are on the RBCs Determine which antibodies the person will have Determine which blood type(s) will be compatible Rh factor: Understand Rh+ vs. Rh- Chapter 7 Study Guide Terms: Define each term. Immunity Antibody-mediated immunity Innate/nonspecific Immunity Cell-mediated immunity Adaptive/specific Immunity Active immunity Phagocytes Passive immunity Apoptosis Immunization Antibodies Vaccine  What are the functions of your lymphatic system? Name the organs of the lymphatic system and give the functions of each. What are the three major defenses of your innate immunity? List the 3 physical defenses of your innate immune system and explain how they protect you from infection. List the chemical defenses of your innate immune system and explain how they protect you from infection. Inflammation: ▪ What are the purposes of inflammation? ▪ What is the role of histamine in inflammation? ▪ Know the 4 hallmark symptoms and the biological basis for each. ▪ Explain the 4 steps of the inflammatory response. What role do phagocytes play in your immune system? What role do natural killer cells play in your immune system? Describe the role of the complement system. How do interferon proteins work? Compare the primary vs. the secondary responses of your adaptive immune system. Explain the role of B cells and T cells in adaptive immunity. ▪ What is the role of antigen receptors? ▪ Compare and contrast these two types of lymphocytes. Know where each mature. ▪ Describe the basic activation process for B cells. What is the role of plasma cells? What are the functions of antibodies? What is the role of memory B cells? ▪ Describe the basic activation process for T cells. What is an APC? What are the types of T-cells and their functions? o Describe how cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells. What is the purpose of vaccination? Why do you not get sick with the disease you are being vaccinated against? Chapter 8 Study Guide Terms: Define each term. Microbiology Epidemic Microbe Pandemic Pathogen Vector Infectious disease What factors in the world today contribute to the spread of disease? Describe the basic structure of a bacterial cell. How do many bacteria cause disease?  For each of the following bacterial diseases (those covered in the lecture): Identify the causative agent Identify the effects of the toxins Identify major, identifying symptoms and complications Diseases: ▪ Diphtheria ▪ Pertussis (Whooping cough) ▪ Meningitis ▪ Tetanus Explain what happens in a tuberculosis infection. What is the causative agent? Explain the difference between a latent infection and active disease. ▪ How is tuberculosis reactivated? Describe the basic structure of a virus. Are viruses cells? How do viruses cause disease? Viral diseases: AIDS: Explain the cause of AIDS. What does HIV target and how does it affect the immune system? ▪ Explain the cause of death in AIDS. Influenza: Explain the cause of influenza. ▪ Briefly describe the significance of the H and N spikes with regards to the human immune system. Explain how viruses like the Influenza viruses and Corona viruses genetically change to cause a pandemic? Explain the cause of malaria and how it is spread. What happens in the body in a malaria infection? Chapter 9 Study Guide: Terms: Define each of the following terms: Ingestion Elimination Digestion Defecation Peristalsis Lumen Absorption What are the functions of the digestive system? Be able to identify each of the following, describe the basic structure, and give the function: Oral Cavity/Mouth 4 types of teeth Crown, root, dentin, enamel, pulp of tooth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Pancreas Liver Gallbladder Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus  What is mechanical digestion? Where and how does it take place? What is chemical digestion? What breaks up your food molecules? Briefly explain hydrolysis. Describe the 4 layers of tissue in the walls of the GI tract. What is the function of the uvula? Describe some of the functions of the tongue. What is the function of your salivary glands? What is found in saliva and what are the functions of saliva? In the tooth: What is the function of dentin? What is the function of enamel? What is contained in the pulp cavity? Briefly describe the following diseases: dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, mumps. Briefly describe the process of swallowing. How is it that food does not go down your windpipe during swallowing? What are the roles of the upper and lower esophageal sphincters? In the stomach: What do the gastric glands secrete? What is in gastric juice? What is the role of HCl? What are rugae? What is the role of the pyloric sphincter? In the small intestine: What are the three sections of the small intestine? What are the 2 main functions of the small intestine? What are the villi and microvilli and what purpose do they serve? What is contained in each villus? What is a lacteal? Digestive enzymes: For each enzyme, know the location where it is active and its function (what molecule does it break down and what products does it create?) Salivary amylase Pancreatic amylase Maltase, Sucrase, lactase Pepsin Trypsin Peptidase Lipase Know what absorbs the following: monosaccharides, amino acids, lipids. What is bile? Where is bile made? Which organs secrete bile? Explain what it means to emulsify fats. The Large Intestine: Name the four subdivisions What are the functions of the large intestine? What is the function of the appendix? ▪ What is the danger of appendicitis?  Labs Lab 6 – Heart and Blood Vessels Lab 8 – Blood and Blood Typing Be able to identify on a slide of cardiac Be able to identify: muscle: Erythrocyte Cardiac muscle fibers Neutrophil Intercalated discs Platelet Be able to identify on the heart (on a If given a blood type: picture and a heart model): Determine which surface Right and left atria proteins are on the RBCs Right and left ventricles Determine which antibodies the Right AV/tricuspid valve person will have Left AV/bicuspid/mitral valve Determine which blood type(s) Pulmonary semilunar valve will be compatible Aortic semilunar valve Rh factor: Aorta Understand Rh+ vs. Rh- o Aortic arch What is Rh incompatibility? o Descending aorta What is the problem with an Pulmonary trunk Rh- mother giving birth to a Pulmonary arteries second Rh+ child without Pulmonary veins Rhogam? Superior vena cava Which blood type is the universal Inferior vena cava donor? Right coronary artery Which blood type is the universal Left coronary artery recipient? Follow the path of blood flow from the What is the relative abundance of vena cava, through the heart, to the lungs, leukocytes? back to the heart, to the body, and back to the heart. Know every heart chamber and Lab 9 – Microbiology major vessel going in or out of the heart. Recognize the bacterial shapes: Know where in the blood is Bacillus oxygenated vs. deoxygenated Coccus blood Staphylococcus Which valves require chordae tendinae to help them close? Lab 10 – Digestive System and Nutrition Be able to ID the following: Lab 7 – Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Mouth Identify the following blood vessels: 4 types of teeth Aorta Pharynx Carotid arteries Esophagus Jugular veins Stomach Subclavian arteries & veins Liver Common iliac artery & vein Gallbladder Femoral artery & vein Pancreas Vena Cavae Small Intestine Pulmonary arteries & veins Large Intestine, rectum, & anus Name two reasons why your heart rate changes due to exercise.