Chapter 11 - Cardiovascular System PDF

Functions of Cardiovascular System Delivers blood to the body Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body Removes waste and carbon dioxide Transports hormones to target cells and organs The cardiovascular system is composed of: ○ Heart ○ Blood vessels Cardi/o = he...

Functions of Cardiovascular System Delivers blood to the body Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body Removes waste and carbon dioxide Transports hormones to target cells and organs The cardiovascular system is composed of: ○ Heart ○ Blood vessels Cardi/o = heart Vascul/o = vessels Blood Flow of the Human Heart The heart is the organ that pumps blood throughout the cardiovascular system It is composed of left and right sides The left side is responsible for receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumping it out into the body The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the lungs so that the process can reoccur Pulmonary artery deoxygenated (one exception) Cardi(o) heart Angi(o), vas(o) blood vessel Aort(o) aorta Arteri(o), arter(o) artery Arther(o) fatty matter Sclerosis hardening Atri(o) atrium Pericardi(o) pericardium Phleb(o), ven(o) vein Thromb(o) blood clot Sphygm(o) pulse Layers of the Heart Heart Valves 4 chambers ○ R & L Atria ○ R & L Ventricles 4 valves allow blood flow in one direction: ○ Pulmonary ○ Aortic ○ Tricuspid ○ Mitral * trick to remember (try, pulling, my, aorta) Heart Anatomy Structure and Function Valves Arteries Veins Endothelium Lumen Atrioventricular valves Tricuspid valve Bicuspid valve Mitral valve Semilunar valve Pulmonary valve Aortic valve Vessels of the Cardiovascular System Carry blood within the heart To tissues and organs Expand and constrict to regulate blood flow Major Arteries Major Veins Blood Vessels of the Heart Blood Pressure Pressure in arteries Need: ○ Sphygmomanometer (takes BP) ○ Stethoscope Controls electrical impulses Conduction System The conduction system of the heart consists of the following: The SA node AV node Junctional fibres AV bundle, Right bundle branch Purkinje fibers Interventricular septum Interatrial septum Left bundle branch Conduction System Flow *focus on - SA node - VA node - Bundle fibres - Purkinje fibers Fetal Circulation: the circulation of an unborn child Consists of: ○ Ductus ○ Arteriosus ○ Pulmonary artery ○ Pulmonary veins ○ Foramen ovale ○ Lung ○ Heart ○ Liver ○ Ductus venosus ○ Urinary bladder ○ Umbilical cord ○ Placenta Diagnostic, Procedural, & Laboratory Terms Assist the physician in diagnosing medical conditions Final diagnosis Assist in treatment planning ○ Electrocardiogram ○ Angiogram Pathological Terms Heart rate 60-100 BPM - regular rhythm Arrhythmias Abnormal rhythm Dysrhythmia Irregular rhythm but within normal range Bradycardia Slow heart rate Tachycardia Fast heart rate Atrial fibrillation Quivering of blood in the atrium Flutter Rapid but regular heart rate Murmur The sound of valve leakage in the heart Angina Cardiac pain caused by lack of O2 Bruit The sound of turbulent blood flow in arteries Myocardial Infarction (MI) Heart attack; lack of blood supply to a coronary artery Palpitations Pulsations of the heart felt by the patient (thumping of chest) Heart block Blocking of impulses from the AV node Some Risk Factors Cardiovascular Disease has many causes: ○ Congenital anomaly ○ Lifestyle factors Smoking Poor diet Lack of exercise Blood Pressure Elevated blood pressure can lead to cardiovascular disorders Low BP is usually not treated (fainting) Hypertension = high blood pressure Hypotension = low blood pressure Essential hypertension - primary Secondary hypertension - caused by other diseases: kidney, adrenal glands Diseases of the Blood Vessels Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body Damaged blood vessels compromise the flow Decreasing oxygen is delivered to the tissues and organs Artery, Heart, Lung Disease The heart and lungs work together to provide oxygen Inadequate heart function can cause disease Valve Conditions Valves are responsible for maintaining blood flow Diseased valves cause cardiovascular symptoms Surgical Terms Cardiovascular surgery: - Blockages within the cardiac vessels - Disorders of the heart valves - Angioplasty -opening of vessel with a balloon - Intravascular stent - to hold vessel open - Bypass - detour around blockages - CABG - coronary artery bypass graft- using a leg vein often - Heart transplant - replacement of heart - Venipuncture - drawing blood via vein Pharmacological Terms Medications can treat CV diseases and symptoms. Angina, heart attack, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, congestive heart failure, rhythm disorders, and vascular problems Antianginals- Nitro Thrombolytics- dissolve blood clots Vasodilators- relax vessels- lower BP Diuretics- make you urinate- lower BP Antiarrhythmics- normalize HR Anticoagulants- anti clotting Vasoconstrictors- narrow blood vessels, increase BP Abbreviations AV (atrioventricular) BP (blood pressure) CAD (coronary artery disease) CHF (congestive heart failure) CPK (creatine phosphokinase) LDL (low-density lipoprotein) MI (myocardial infarction) SV (stroke volume)