Cardiovascular System PDF

**Cardiovascular System - Week 4 (HLTH 10280)** **心血管系统 - 第4周（HLTH 10280）** **Overview of the Cardiovascular System** **心血管系统概述** - A closed system consisting of the **heart and blood vessels** (as well as the blood flowing through them).\ **一个封闭的系统，由心脏和血管...

**Cardiovascular System - Week 4 (HLTH 10280)** **心血管系统 - 第4周（HLTH 10280）** **Overview of the Cardiovascular System** **心血管系统概述** - A closed system consisting of the **heart and blood vessels** (as well as the blood flowing through them).\ **一个封闭的系统，由心脏和血管组成（以及在血管中流动的血液）。** - The **heart pumps** blood.\ **心脏负责泵送血液。** - **Blood vessels** allow blood to circulate throughout the body.\ **血管允许血液在全身循环。** **Blood** **血液** - **\"The river of life\"**---carries **nutrients, wastes, and heat**.\ **"生命之河"**------运送**营养物质、废物和热量**。 - **Fluid tissue** with solids suspended in **plasma**.\ **一种液体组织，其中固体悬浮在**血浆**中。** - **Components of blood:**\ **血液组成部分：** - **Erythrocytes (红细胞):** Oxygen transport **（运输氧气）** - **Leukocytes (白细胞):** Defense **（免疫防御）** - **Platelets (血小板):** Clotting **（凝血）** - Blood makes up **8% of body weight**, about **6 liters**.\ **血液占体重的 8% 左右，总量约 6 升。** - **Composition:**\ **组成：** - **44%** erythrocytes **（红细胞）** - **1%** leukocytes & platelets **（白细胞和血小板）** - **55%** plasma **（血浆）** - **Four common signs of inflammation:**\ **炎症的四个常见特征：** - Swelling **（肿胀）** - Heat **（发热）** - Redness **（发红）** - Pain **（疼痛）** **Blood Conditions** **血液相关疾病** - **Anemia (贫血),** e.g., sickle cell anemia **（镰状细胞贫血）** - **Leukemia (白血病)** - **Hemophilia (血友病)** **Lymphatic System** **淋巴系统** Consists of **two parts:**\ **由两部分组成：** 1. **Lymphatic vessels (淋巴管):** A **low-pressure, pump-less system**.\ **低压、无泵系统。** 2. **Lymphoid tissues & organs (淋巴组织和器官):**\ **淋巴组织和器官，包括：** - **Lymph nodes (淋巴结)**---contain macrophages & lymphocytes **（含有巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞）** - **Spleen (脾脏)** - **Thymus gland (胸腺)** - **Tonsils (扁桃体)** - **Peyer's patches (派尔斑块)** - **Appendix (阑尾)** **The Heart** **心脏** - A **large, muscular organ** made of **cardiac tissue (myocardium, 心肌)**.\ **一个大型的肌肉器官，由心肌组成。** - Surrounded by the **pericardium (心包),** a **double-walled sac**.\ **被心包（双层薄膜囊）包围。** **Heart Anatomy** **心脏解剖结构** - **Located in the thoracic cavity (胸腔)** between the lungs, in the **inferior mediastinum (下纵隔区)**.\ **位于胸腔，在肺之间的下纵隔区。** - **Divided into two sides (左右两侧)** separated by the **septum (隔膜)**.\ **由隔膜分隔成左右两侧。** - **Four chambers (四个腔):**\ **两个心房（Atria, 入口）和两个心室（Ventricles, 出口）**。 - **Four valves (四个心脏瓣膜):** - **Two atrioventricular (房室瓣)** - **Two semilunar (半月瓣)** - The closing of these valves creates the **\"lub-dub\" sound** of the heart.\ **这些瓣膜关闭时产生"砰-砰"心跳声。** - **Heart function:**\ **心脏功能：** - **Right side pumps blood to the lungs (右侧将血液泵入肺部)**. - **Left side pumps blood to the body (左侧将血液泵入全身)**. - **Which side is bigger? The left! (左侧更大，因为需要更强的泵送力)**. - **Heart size: About the size of a fist (心脏大小约为拳头大小)**. **Blood Vessels** **血管** **Arteries & Arterioles (动脉 & 小动脉)** - Carry blood **away from the heart** **（将血液输送出心脏）**. - Have **elastic and smooth muscle layers** to expand under pressure.\ **含有弹性层和平滑肌层，以适应血压变化。** **Veins & Venules (静脉 & 小静脉)** - Carry blood **toward the heart** **（将血液输送回心脏）**. - **Thinner walls** compared to arteries due to **lower pressure**.\ **由于压力较低，静脉壁比动脉薄。** - **Valves** help prevent backflow **（静脉瓣防止血液回流）**. **Capillaries (毛细血管)** - **Microscopic blood vessels** between arterioles & venules.\ **介于小动脉和小静脉之间的微血管。** - **Thin walls allow oxygen and nutrients exchange.**\ **壁很薄，便于氧气和营养物质交换。** **Blood Circulation and Pressure** **血液循环与血压** **Blood Pressure (血压)** - **Measured in large arteries.** **（在大动脉中测量。）** - **Systolic pressure (收缩压):** Pressure at peak contraction. - **Diastolic pressure (舒张压):** Pressure when the ventricles relax. - **Normal reading: 120/80 mmHg.** **（正常值 120/80 mmHg）** **Skeletal Pump (骨骼泵)** - **Veins use various methods to return blood to the heart against gravity.\ 静脉利用各种方法克服重力，将血液输送回心脏。** - **One key method is the Skeletal Pump.\ 其中一个重要的方法是"骨骼泵"。\*\*** - **How it works:\ 工作原理：** - **When skeletal muscles contract, they squeeze nearby veins, pushing blood toward the heart.\ 当骨骼肌收缩时，会挤压附近的静脉，将血液推向心脏。** - **Valves in veins prevent blood from flowing backward.\ 静脉内的瓣膜可防止血液倒流。** - **This mechanism helps maintain circulation, especially in the lower limbs.\ 这种机制在维持血液循环（特别是下肢）方面至关重要。** **Heartbeat & Electrical Conduction** **心跳与电信号传导** - **Heartbeat is controlled by electrical signals.**\ **心跳由电信号控制。** - Video resources:\ 视频资源： - **What makes your heart beat?**\ **是什么让心脏跳动？** - [YouTube Video] - **How the heart works?**\ **心脏如何工作？** - [YouTube Video] **Week 4: Cardiovascular System (心血管系统)** 📚 **Course:** HLTH 10280 \| ❄️ **Term:** Winter 2025 **📌 Overview of the Cardiovascular System (心血管系统概述)** ✅ **封闭循环系统**，包括 **心脏、血管** 和 **血液**\ ✅ **心脏** 负责**泵送血液**\ ✅ **血管** 允许**血液循环**到身体各个部位 **📌 Blood (血液)** 💡 *\"Blood is often called the river of life.\"*\ 💉 **血液是生命之河，携带**： - **营养物质 (Nutrients)** - **废物 (Wastes)** - **热量 (Heat)**\ 🧪 **血液成分**：\ \| 成分 \| 功能 \| \|\-\-\-\-\--\|\-\-\-\-\--\| \| **Erythrocytes (红细胞)** \| 运输氧气 \| \| **Leukocytes (白细胞)** \| 免疫防御 \| \| **Platelets (血小板)** \| 凝血功能 \| 💡 **血液占**人体重量的 **8%**，约 **6 升**\ 🔹 **组成比例**： - **44%** 红细胞 - **1%** 白细胞和血小板 - **55%** 血浆 **📌 Common Blood Conditions (常见血液疾病)** ⚠️ **贫血 (Anemia)** -- 例如 **镰状细胞贫血 (Sickle Cell Anemia)**\ ⚠️ **白血病 (Leukemia)**\ ⚠️ **血友病 (Hemophilia)** **📌 Lymphatic System (淋巴系统)** 🛡 **功能**：维持**免疫系统**，帮助**体液回流**\ 🔹 **主要组成部分**： 1️⃣ **淋巴管** -- **低压、无泵系统**\ 2️⃣ **淋巴组织 & 器官**： - **淋巴结 (Lymph nodes)** -- 含**巨噬细胞 & 淋巴细胞** - **脾脏 (Spleen)** - **胸腺 (Thymus gland)** - **扁桃体 (Tonsils)** - **派尔斑块 (Peyer's patches)** - **阑尾 (Appendix)** **📌 The Heart (心脏)** ❤️ **大块肌肉器官，主要由心肌 (Myocardium) 组成**\ ❤️ **外层包裹心包 (Pericardium)** -- **双层薄膜保护心脏** 📍 **心脏位置**： - **位于胸腔 (Thoracic Cavity)** - **在肺之间，下纵隔区 (Inferior Mediastinum)** **📌 Anatomy of the Heart (心脏结构)** 🔹 **心脏分为左右两侧 (Right & Left)**，由 **隔膜 (Septum)** 分隔\ 🔹 **四个腔室 (Chambers)**： ------------------------- ----------------- **心腔** **作用** **2 心房 (Atria)** 入口 (接受血液) **2 心室 (Ventricles)** 出口 (泵送血液) ------------------------- ----------------- 🔹 **四个心脏瓣膜 (Valves)**： ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- **瓣膜类型** **作用** **2 房室瓣 (Atrioventricular Valves)** 控制心房与心室之间的血流 **2 半月瓣 (Semilunar Valves)** 控制心室向大动脉的血流 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 💡 **瓣膜关闭时产生 \"lub-dub\" 心跳声** **📌 The Heart as a Pump (心脏的泵功能)** 🔹 **双泵系统 (Double Pump System)**\ ✅ **右心室 (Right Ventricle)** → **泵血至肺部 (肺循环)**\ ✅ **左心室 (Left Ventricle)** → **泵血至全身 (体循环)**\ 📏 **心脏大小约等于拳头大小** **📌 Blood Vessels (血管系统)** 🔹 **动脉 & 小动脉 (Arteries & Arterioles)**\ ✅ **携带血液离开心脏**\ ✅ 具有 **弹性层 & 平滑肌层**，适应**高压**\ ✅ **动脉收缩 & 舒张 (Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation)** 调节血流 🔹 **静脉 & 小静脉 (Veins & Venules)**\ ✅ **携带血液回流至心脏**\ ✅ **壁薄**，因压力低于动脉\ ✅ **静脉瓣 (Valves) 防止血液倒流** 🔹 **毛细血管 (Capillaries)**\ ✅ **连接动脉与静脉**\ ✅ **超薄壁结构**，方便**氧气 & 营养交换** **📌 Skeletal Pump (骨骼泵)** 🚶 **静脉如何克服重力，将血液送回心脏？**\ ✅ **骨骼肌收缩时挤压静脉** → 促进血流回心\ ✅ **静脉瓣 (Valves) 确保血液单向流动** **📌 Blood Pressure (血压)** 🩺 **血压由大动脉测量**\ 🔹 **两种压力**： --------------------------------- ---------------------- **类型** **含义** **收缩压 (Systolic Pressure)** 心室收缩时的最高压力 **舒张压 (Diastolic Pressure)** 心室舒张时的最低压力 --------------------------------- ---------------------- 📏 **标准血压** = 120/80 mmHg **📌 Heartbeat Control (心跳控制)** 🎥 **推荐视频**： 1️⃣ [What makes your heart beat?]\ 2️⃣ [How the heart works?] **💡 总结** ✔ **掌握心血管系统基本结构与功能**\ ✔ **理解心脏泵血机制**\ ✔ **学习血管系统如何运作**\ ✔ **了解血压与心跳调节** **1. 心血管系统概述** - **A closed system of the heart and blood vessels (and the blood travelling through the vessels)**: 心脏和血管（以及血管中流动的血液）组成的封闭系统 - **The heart pumps blood**: 心脏泵血 - **Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body**: 血管使血液能够循环到身体的各个部分 **2. 血液概述** - **Blood is often called the river of life**: 血液常被称为生命之河 - **Carries nutrients, wastes, and heat**: 携带营养物质、废物和热量 - **It is a fluid tissue**: 它是一种流体组织 - **Solids are suspended in a nonliving matrix called PLASMA**: 固体悬浮在称为血浆的非生命基质中 - **Erythrocytes**: 红细胞 - **Oxygen transport**: 氧气运输 - **Leukocytes**: 白细胞 - **Defense**: 防御 - **Platelets**: 血小板 - **Clotting**: 凝血 **3. 血液的组成** - **Blood accounts for 8% of body weight and measures about 6 litres**: 血液占体重的8%，大约有6升 - **44% erythrocyte, 1% leukocyte & platelets, 55% plasma**: 44%红细胞，1%白细胞和血小板，55%血浆 - **Four common signs for inflammation**: 炎症的四个常见症状 - **Swelling, heat, redness, pain**: 肿胀、发热、发红、疼痛 - **Thrombopoietin**: 血小板生成素 - **Clotting**: 凝血 - **Thrombus versus embolus**: 血栓与栓塞 - **Hematopoiesis - erythropoietin**: 造血 - 促红细胞生成素 **4. 与血液相关的疾病** - **Anemia, e.g. sickle cell anemia**: 贫血，例如镰状细胞贫血 - **Leukemia**: 白血病 - **Hemophilia**: 血友病 **5. 淋巴系统** - **Consists of two parts**: 由两部分组成 - **A. Meandering network of lymphatic vessels**: 蜿蜒的淋巴管网络 - **A low pressure and pump-less system**: 低压无泵系统 - **B. Various lymphoid tissues and organs**: 各种淋巴组织和器官 - **Lymph nodes contain macrophages & lymphocytes**: 淋巴结含有巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞 - **Others: spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, Peyer\'s patches and the appendix**: 其他：脾脏、胸腺、扁桃体、派尔集合淋巴结和阑尾 **6. 心脏概述** - **A large, muscular organ consisting of mostly cardiac tissue called the myocardium (myo- muscle, cardium -- heart)**: 一个主要由心肌组织组成的大型肌肉器官，称为心肌（myo-肌肉，cardium-心脏） - **Surrounded by a sac called the pericardium (peri - around a double-walled sac of thin tissue)**: 被一个称为心包（peri-周围，双壁薄组织囊）的囊包围 **7. 心脏的位置** - **Location - Thoracic Cavity between the lungs in a region known as the inferior mediastinum**: 位于胸腔内，两肺之间，称为下纵隔的区域 **8. 心脏的解剖结构** - **Consists of two sides, right and left, separated by a septum**: 由左右两侧组成，中间由隔膜分隔 - **Consists of 4 chambers (rooms)**: 由4个腔室（房间）组成 - **2 Atria (Atrium) (entrances) and 2 Ventricles (exits)**: 2个心房（入口）和2个心室（出口） - **Consists of 4 valves (2 sets)**: 由4个瓣膜（2组）组成 - **2 semilunar valves (doors between rooms) & 2 atrioventricular valves (doors between rooms)**: 2个半月瓣（房间之间的门）和2个房室瓣（房间之间的门） - **The valves give the resulting "lub" and "dub" sound of the heart (the doors between rooms slamming shut)**: 瓣膜产生心脏的"lub"和"dub"声（房间之间的门关闭） **9. 心脏的腔室** - **Right and left side act as separate pumps**: 左右两侧作为独立的泵 - **Double pump system = R and L sides act simultaneously**: 双泵系统 = 左右两侧同时工作 - **The Right side pumps from the heart to the lungs**: 右侧将血液从心脏泵到肺部 - **The Left side pumps from the Heart to the Body**: 左侧将血液从心脏泵到身体 - **Which pump needs to be bigger**: 哪个泵需要更大？ - **How big is the heart? About the size of your fist**: 心脏有多大？大约是你拳头的大小 **10. 心脏的隔膜** - **Interventricular septum (wall between rooms)**: 室间隔（房间之间的墙） - **Separates the two ventricles**: 分隔两个心室 - **Interatrial septum**: 房间隔 - **Separates the two atria**: 分隔两个心房 **11. 动脉和小动脉** - **Carry blood away from the heart**: 将血液从心脏输送出去 - **Contain elastic layer and smooth muscle layer**: 含有弹性层和平滑肌层 - **Vasoconstriction and vasodilation -- to regulate blood flow**: 血管收缩和血管舒张 - 调节血流 - **Need to be able to expand with the high pressure caused by contraction of the heart**: 需要能够随着心脏收缩产生的高压而扩张 - **Arterioles are small arteries**: 小动脉是小的动脉 **12. 静脉和小静脉** - **Carry blood toward the heart**: 将血液输送回心脏 - **The walls of veins are thin when compared to arteries because blood pressure is less than that in arteries**: 与动脉相比，静脉壁较薄，因为血压低于动脉 - **Veins that carry blood against gravity have valves to keep blood flowing toward the heart**: 逆重力输送血液的静脉有瓣膜，以保持血液流向心脏 - **Venules are small veins that receive blood from the capillaries**: 小静脉是从毛细血管接收血液的小静脉 **13. 毛细血管** - **Capillaries are Microscopic blood vessels**: 毛细血管是微小的血管 - **They are between arterioles and venules**: 它们位于小动脉和小静脉之间 - **Their walls are very thin**: 它们的壁非常薄 - **This is where oxygen and food molecules (nutrients) are transferred from the blood to the body's cells**: 这是氧气和食物分子（营养物质）从血液转移到身体细胞的地方 - **Every cell needs oxygen every moment or it dies**: 每个细胞每时每刻都需要氧气，否则就会死亡 - **Form web of vessels where exchange with body cells occurs**: 形成血管网，与身体细胞进行交换 **14. 骨骼泵** - **Veins use various methods to return blood to the heart against the force of gravity i.e. The Skeletal pump**: 静脉使用各种方法逆重力将血液输送回心脏，即骨骼泵 **15. 血压** - **Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries**: 健康专业人员测量的是大动脉中的压力 - **Systolic---pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction**: 收缩压 - 心室收缩时的峰值压力 - **Diastolic---pressure when ventricles relax**: 舒张压 - 心室放松时的压力 - **Write systolic pressure first and diastolic last (120/80 mm Hg)**: 先写收缩压，后写舒张压（120/80毫米汞柱） - **Pressure in blood vessels \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as distance from the heart \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**: 血管中的压力随着距离心脏的远近而变化 **16. 心脏的传导系统** - **Conduction - Heartbeat control**: 传导 - 心跳控制 **17. 心脏工作原理视频** - **How the heart works**: 心脏的工作原理 - **Video link**: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9ZZ6tcxArI] **18. 心脏跳动的原因** - **What makes your heart beat?**: 是什么让你的心脏跳动？ - **Video link**: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqi4u3H5H7A] **19. 进一步视频复习** - **Further Video Review**: 进一步视频复习 - **Video link**: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9ZZ6tcxArI]