Cardiovascular System Basics
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the myocardium?

  • To provide a protective layer around the heart
  • To assist in the conduction of electrical impulses
  • To pump blood throughout the body (correct)
  • To regulate blood pressure within the arteries

Which chambers of the heart are responsible for receiving oxygenated blood?

  • Left ventricle and right ventricle
  • Right atrium and left ventricle
  • Right ventricle and right atrium
  • Left atrium and right atrium (correct)

Where does the right side of the heart pump blood?

  • To the systemic circulation
  • To the coronary arteries
  • To the lungs for oxygenation (correct)
  • To the body for nourishment

What is the primary purpose of the chordae tendinae?

<p>To anchor the heart valves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of blood vessels in the cardiovascular system?

<p>Arteries, veins, and capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pericardial fluid do?

<p>Reduces friction between the heart and the pericardium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which circuits make up the cardiovascular system?

<p>Pulmonary and systemic circuits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What layer of the heart is responsible for the pumping action?

<p>Myocardium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the SA node in the heart?

<p>To initiate the electrical impulse and control heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is systolic pressure defined?

<p>The pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes heart murmurs?

<p>Obstruction in blood flow through heart valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event corresponds to the 'T' wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

<p>Ventricular repolarization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Purkinje fibers play in the cardiac cycle?

<p>They facilitate the rapid transmission of impulses to the ventricles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of atherosclerosis?

<p>Formation of plaque in the arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a formed element in blood?

<p>Plasma proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence blood pressure?

<p>Nutritional balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way CO2 is transported in the blood?

<p>As bicarbonate ion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of erythropoietin?

<p>Stimulate red blood cell production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for fighting viral infections?

<p>Lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do platelets play in the blood coagulation process?

<p>Form a platelet plug (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anemia primarily characterized by?

<p>Low red blood cell count (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood components are primarily involved in the inflammatory response?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Rh factor?

<p>A protein found on the surface of some red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phagocytes in the immune system?

<p>Engulf and digest pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the salivary glands in the digestive system?

<p>To secrete digestive enzymes and provide lubrication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures plays a critical role in preventing food from entering the windpipe during swallowing?

<p>Uvula (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mechanical digestion primarily responsible for in the digestive process?

<p>Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the GI tract is responsible for the movement of food through peristalsis?

<p>Muscularis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the pyloric sphincter play in digestion?

<p>It regulates the flow of chyme into the small intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is necessary for the emulsification of fats?

<p>Bile (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of plasma cells in the immune system?

<p>To produce antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the villi in the small intestine?

<p>To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the gastric glands in the stomach?

<p>To produce gastric juice containing hydrochloric acid and enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T cell is primarily responsible for killing infected cells?

<p>Cytotoxic T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the activation of B cells?

<p>Binding of antigens to antigen receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of memory B cells in the immune response?

<p>To mount a faster response upon re-exposure to antigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

<p>They have the ability to bind and display antigens to T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding vaccines?

<p>Vaccines help the immune system recognize pathogens without causing disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the difference between latent infection and active disease in tuberculosis?

<p>Latent infections can reactivate, while active disease is ongoing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of a bacterial cell structure?

<p>Cell wall and plasma membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers
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